An up-to-date overview of the different x-ray based methods in the hot fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, including methods for imaging nanomaterials, as well as for probing the electronic structure of nanostructured materials in order to investigate their different properties. Written by authors at one of the world's top facilities working with these methods, this monograph presents and discusses techniques and applications in the fields of x-ray scattering, spectroscopy and microscope imaging. The resulting systematic collection of these advanced tools will benefit graduate students, postdocs as well as professional researchers.

This book describes the latest developments in the new research discipline of X-ray nanochemistry, which uses nanomaterials to enhance the effectiveness of X-ray irradiation. Nanomaterials now can be synthesized in such a way as to meet the demand for complex functions that enhance the X-ray effect. Innovative methods of delivering the X-rays, which can interact with those nanomaterials much more strongly than energetic electrons and gamma rays, also create new opportunities to enhance the X-ray effect. As a result, new concepts are conceived and new developments are made in the last decade, which are discussed and summarized in this book. This book will help define the discipline and encourage more students and scientists to work in this discipline. These efforts will eventually lead to formation of a full set of physical, chemical and materials principles for this new research field.

Fifth volume of a 40 volume series on nanoscience and nanotechnology, edited by the renowned scientist Challa S.S.R. Kumar. This handbook gives a comprehensive overview about X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization. Modern applications and state-of-the-art techniques are covered and make this volume an essential reading for research scientists in academia and industry.

Advanced Characterization of Nanostructured Materials — Probing the Structure and Dynamics with Synchrotron X-Rays and Neutrons is a collection of chapters which review the characterization of the structure and internal dynamics of a wide variety of nanostructured materials using various synchrotron X-ray and neutron scattering techniques. It is intended for graduate students and researchers who might be interested in learning about and applying these methods. The authors are well-known practitioners in their fields of research who provide detailed and authoritative accounts of how these techniques have been applied to study systems ranging from thin films and monolayers on solid surfaces and at liquid-air, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces; nanostructured composite materials; battery materials, and catalytic materials. While there have been a great many books published on nanoscience, there are relatively few that have discussed in one volume detailed synchrotron X-ray and neutron methods for advanced characterization of nanomaterials in thin films, composite materials, catalytic and battery materials and at interfaces. This book should provide an incentive and a reference for researchers in nanomaterials for using these techniques as a powerful way to characterize their samples. It should also help to popularize the use of synchrotron and neutron facilities by the nanoscience community.

A comprehensive overview of the possibilities and potential of X-ray scattering using nanofocused beams for probing matter at the nanoscale, including guidance on the design of nanobeam experiments. The monograph discusses various sources, including free electron lasers, synchrotron radiation and other portable and non-portable X-ray sources. For scientists using synchrotron radiation or students and scientists with a background in X-ray scattering methods in general.

The rapid progress of nanoscience and the application of nanotechnology in medicine are changing the foundations of disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. At the core of nanotechnology for modern biomedical imaging and interventions, nano/microparticles offer 3-in-1 primary functions as imaging agents, target-specific probes, and target-specific therapeutic carriers. Nanoparticle-based imaging and interventions have already exhibited exciting potential in probing the bases or roots of diseases, such as to identify their altered molecular profiles and/or cellular characteristics prior to the appearance of visual anatomic alterations. As nanoparticle-based imaging and interventions continue to be refined and are increasingly applied to clinical practice, they will certainly have significant impact on global health care in the near future. Scientists from various disciplines around the world have already done outstanding work in developing various nanotechnology-based imaging modalities, such as molecular and cellular imaging with X-ray-based computerised tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance (MR), optics, and nuclear medicine.However, clinical applications of these particle-based imaging techniques are still very limited. This can be attributed to a gap existing between basic science and clinical practice, where scientists have no direct access to patient care; meanwhile clinicians are extremely busy with their daily clinical practices and lack the time or means to learn such new technological evolutions. In order to bring the two parties together, a bridge needs to be built between basic science and clinical practice, as termed translational medicine by the US National Institute of Health (NIH). The aim of writing this book is to facilitate such translation of nanotechnology-based imaging modalities from laboratory benches to clinical practices. The authors come from several continents around the world, and are experts working in the fields of nanotechnology, material science, biomedical engineering, medicine, pathology, medical imaging, and interventional radiology. We hope this book will provoke common interest, brainstorming and co-operation among professionals in both technology and medicine, and will bring nanomedicine one step closer to improving patient care.

Bismuth (Bi) is a post-transition metal element with the atomic number of 83, which belongs to the pnictogen group elements in Period 6 in the elemental periodic table. As a heavy metal, the hazard of Bi is unusually low in contrast to its neighbors Pb and Sb. This property, along with other typical characteristics like strong diamagnetism and low thermal conductivity, makes Bi attractive in industrial applications. There are more than 100 commercial bismuth products, from pharmaceutical to industrial catalysts. Based on the wide applications of Bi materials, this book goes further and mainly focuses on the potential uses of Bi-based materials, which consist of nine chapters. In addition, a special chapter concerning the defect in bismuth is also presented.