Document from the year 2020 in the subject Engineering - Computer Engineering, , language: English, abstract: Sensor nodes have restricted storage, computational and energy resources, these restrictions place a limit on the types of deployable routing mechanisms. Routing protocol disseminates information that enables the sensor nodes to select routes to communicate with other nodes on the network and the choice of the route is determined by the routing algorithms. Thus the routing protocol helps the nodes to gain knowledge about the topology of the network to which it is attached directly. There are mainly two types of routing processes: one is static routing and the other is dynamic routing. In a static routing, the routing tables are set up in a static manner in the nodes. The network routes for the packet are initially set between the nodes. However, if any node on the specified route fails, the data may not reach the destination. In a dynamic routing, routing tables in the routers often change whenever the possible routes change. Dynamic routing is more suitable as the nodes in WSNs may frequently change their position and die at any moment. The routing protocols are classified into single hop and multi hop routing. In a single hop routing, sensor node directly communicates with the sink to share the gathered information. Energy consumption is high in the network using single hop protocol. In multi hop routing, data is routed through the intermediate nodes to the base station. Each node transfers sensed data to the immediate node which in turn transfers the data to the next immediate node and finally the data reaches the base station. Energy consumption in this kind of routing protocol is less and thus the lifetime of the nodes is high. The major challenge to the efficient operation of wireless sensor network lies in its ability to deliver the sensed information from the nodes to the sink within the specific time duration without the loss of data packets with high security. The sensor nodes depend on the battery source for their operation which has limited capacity. Thus the energy resource of the sensor nodes has to be used efficiently in order to increase the operational lifetime of the network.

This brief provides an overview of recent developments in multi-hop routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It introduces the various classifications of routing protocols and lists the pros and cons of each category, going beyond the conceptual overview of routing classifications offered in other books. Recently many researchers have proposed numerous multi-hop routing protocols and thereby created a need for a book that provides its readers with an up-to-date road map of this research paradigm. The authors present some of the most relevant results achieved by applying an algorithmic approach to the research on multi-hop routing protocols. The book covers measurements, experiences and lessons learned from the implementation of multi-hop communication prototypes. Furthermore, it describes future research challenges and as such serves as a useful guide for students and researchers alike.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a phenomenon of the twenty-first century with numerous kinds of sensor being developed for specific applications. The origins of WSNs can, however, be traced back to the early days of connectivity between computers and their peripherals. Work with distributed sensor networks is evidenced in the literature during the latter part of the 1970s, continuing in functionality increases in the 1980s and 1990s. As a configuration of independent devices in a data communications network, WSNs are now pre-eminent as working solutions to numerous precision data collection situations where software control of instruments and routing protocols are needed. In this book, the authors have chosen a selection of specific topics relating to WSNs: their design, development, implementation and function. Some operating topics are addressed such as power management, data interchange protocols, instrument reliability and system security. Other topics are more application oriented, where particular hardware and software configurations are described to deliver system solutions for specific needs. All are clearly written with considerable detail relating to each of the issues addressed by the authors. Each of the chapters provides a rationale for the topic being covered and some general WSN details where appropriate. The citations used in the chapters are comprehensively referred to, which adds depth to the information being presented.

Infrastructure for Homeland Security Environments Wireless Sensor Networks helps readers discover the emerging field of low-cost standards-based sensors that promise a high order of spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy in an ever-increasing universe of applications. It shares the latest advances in science and engineering paving the way towards a large plethora of new applications in such areas as infrastructure protection and security, healthcare, energy, food safety, RFID, ZigBee, and processing. Unlike other books on wireless sensor networks that focus on limited topics in the field, this book is a broad introduction that covers all the major technology, standards, and application topics. It contains everything readers need to know to enter this burgeoning field, including current applications and promising research and development; communication and networking protocols; middleware architecture for wireless sensor networks; and security and management. The straightforward and engaging writing style of this book makes even complex concepts and processes easy to follow and understand. In addition, it offers several features that help readers grasp the material and then apply their knowledge in designing their own wireless sensor network systems: * Examples illustrate how concepts are applied to the development and application of * wireless sensor networks * Detailed case studies set forth all the steps of design and implementation needed to solve real-world problems * Chapter conclusions that serve as an excellent review by stressing the chapter's key concepts * References in each chapter guide readers to in-depth discussions of individual topics This book is ideal for networking designers and engineers who want to fully exploit this new technology and for government employees who are concerned about homeland security. With its examples, it is appropriate for use as a coursebook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students.

This book presents an in-depth study on the recent advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The authors describe the existing WSN applications and discuss the research efforts being undertaken in this field. Theoretical analysis and factors influencing protocol design are also highlighted. The authors explore state-of-the-art protocols for WSN protocol stack in transport, routing, data link, and physical layers. Moreover, the synchronization and localization problems in WSNs are investigated along with existing solutions. Furthermore, cross-layer solutions are described. Finally, developing areas of WSNs including sensor-actor networks, multimedia sensor networks, and WSN applications in underwater and underground environments are explored. The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning. Key Features: The ultimate guide to recent advances and research into WSNs Discusses the most important problems and issues that arise when programming and designing WSN systems Shows why the unique features of WSNs – self-organization, cooperation, correlation -- will enable new applications that will provide the end user with intelligence and a better understanding of the environment Provides an overview of the existing evaluation approaches for WSNs including physical testbeds and software simulation environments Includes examples and learning exercises with a solutions manual; supplemented by an accompanying website containing PPT-slides. Wireless Sensor Networks is an essential textbook for advanced students on courses in wireless communications, networking and computer science. It will also be of interest to researchers, system and chip designers, network planners, technical mangers and other professionals in these fields.

Learn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other. Numerous practical examples, case studies and illustrations demonstrate the theory, techniques and results presented. The clear chapter structure, listing learning objectives, outline and summarizing key points, help guide the reader expertly through the material. Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks: Covers architecture and communications protocols in detail with practical implementation examples and case studies. Provides an understanding of mutual relationships and dependencies between different protocols and architectural decisions. Offers an in-depth investigation of relevant protocol mechanisms. Shows which protocols are suitable for which tasks within a wireless sensor network and in which circumstances they perform efficiently. Features an extensive website with the bibliography, PowerPoint slides, additional exercises and worked solutions. This text provides academic researchers, graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering, as well as practitioners in industry and research engineers with an understanding of the specific design challenges and solutions for wireless sensor networks. Check out www.wiley.com/go/wsn for accompanying course material! "I am deeply impressed by the book of Karl & Willig. It is by far the most complete source for wireless sensor networks...The book covers almost all topics related to sensor networks, gives an amazing number of references, and, thus, is the perfect source for students, teachers, and researchers. Throughout the book the reader will find high quality text, figures, formulas, comparisons etc. - all you need for a sound basis to start sensor network research." Prof. Jochen Schiller, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin

This book provides a comprehensive yet easy coverage of ad hoc and sensor networks and fills the gap of existing literature in this growing field. It emphasizes that there is a major interdependence among various layers of the network protocol stack. Contrary to wired or even one-hop cellular networks, the lack of a fixed infrastructure, the inherent mobility, the wireless channel, and the underlying routing mechanism by ad hoc and sensor networks introduce a number of technological challenges that are difficult to address within the boundaries of a single protocol layer. All existing textbooks on the subject often focus on a specific aspect of the technology, and fail to provide critical insights on cross-layer interdependencies. To fully understand these intriguing networks, one need to grasp specific solutions individually, and also the many interdependencies and cross-layer interactions.