What you need to know about an Evolutionary Technique of “Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy(MRT)” a.k.a. “Mitochondrial Donation technique”: A Concise Review. Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy also referred to as “Mitochondrial Donation technique” pertains to the category of techniques in which the embryo possessing the nuclear DNA of the parents is subjected to the IVF procedure to have mitochondrial DNA of the donor female. In this era of advanced scientific technologies, MRT aims to treat the infecundity of the diseased females and provide them a suitable chance to have biologically related healthy offspring Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is a new form of reproductive in vitro fertilization (IVF) which works on the principle of replacing a women's abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) with the donor's healthy one. MRT include different techniques like: § Spindles transfer (ST), § Pronuclear transfer (PNT) or § Polar body transfer (PBT). Transmission of defective mitochondrial DNA to the next generation can also be prevented by using these approaches. The development of healthy baby free from genetic disorders and to terminate the lethal mitochondrial disorders are the chief motive of this technique. However, moral, social, and cultural objections have restricted its exploration. Therefore, it is attempted in this E-Booklet to summarize: · The various methods involved in MRT, · The global status, and · The exaggerated censure over the years which depicts a strong emphasis for social acceptance and clinical application in the world of medical science along with few relevant Illustrations for better understanding the subject at Molecular Level. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B.(Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)

Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) are designed to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases from mother to child. While MRTs, if effective, could satisfy a desire of women seeking to have a genetically related child without the risk of passing on mtDNA disease, the technique raises significant ethical and social issues. It would create offspring who have genetic material from two women, something never sanctioned in humans, and would create mitochondrial changes that could be heritable (in female offspring), and therefore passed on in perpetuity. The manipulation would be performed on eggs or embryos, would affect every cell of the resulting individual, and once carried out this genetic manipulation is not reversible. Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques considers the implications of manipulating mitochondrial content both in children born to women as a result of participating in these studies and in descendants of any female offspring. This study examines the ethical and social issues related to MRTs, outlines principles that would provide a framework and foundation for oversight of MRTs, and develops recommendations to inform the Food and Drug Administration's consideration of investigational new drug applications.

This study was designed to assess the mitochondrial disease community's knowledge, attitude and perception of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) and determine how the media can impact such perception. MRT in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF) has the ability to prevent inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations from mothers to their offspring by using a donor egg's mtDNA. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) is considering human trials for MRT, dubbed "three-parent IVF" by the media. Approval relies heavily on the mitochondrial disease community's willingness to participate; however, the community's perceptions of risks, benefits and limitations associated with MRT have not been adequately addressed.An anonymous survey was distributed online to individuals within the mitochondrial community; 165 individuals completed the survey and comprised the study population. The majority of individuals found MRT ethical, agreed with FDA approval for human clinical trials, and would be willing to use MRT if clinically appropriate and available. However, almost half were unaware that MRT is only useful if a mtDNA mutation has been previously identified. Many respondents knew this technique does not change physical or personality traits of offspring; however, those who believed it did also felt more strongly that this technique is "designing babies". Interestingly, the majority did not believe that the children born using MRT have three parents, so the media's use of "three-parent baby" may be unnecessarily sensationalized. Our results provide evidence that the mitochondrial disease community is forward-thinking about MRT; however, may not be adequately aware of MRT's risks or limitations.

Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRT) are designed to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases from mother to child...The Royal Society of Canada has published a perspective on the U.S. report entitled, Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social and Policy Considerations indicating that it is difficult to imagine that nuclear genome transfer research would garner sufficient support in Canada to warrant legislative change.

"Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MRT) is a new type of in vitro fertilization (IVF) that aims to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, transferred through the maternal line, by replacing mutated mitochondrial DNA with normal mitochondria from a healthy egg donor. As a result of MRT, permanent changes are made to the germline that could be passed on to future generations; thus, this so-called "three-parent IVF" is considered a form of germline genetic modification. Apart from the United Kingdom, the first country to approve MRT in 2015, only a few other countries have considered this controversial technique through public policy. In Canada, the 2004 Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) prohibits any practice that introduces heritable changes into the germline. As such, MRT is prohibited in both research and clinical contexts. Certain clinics in jurisdictions with less strict or non-existent regulation of health technologies are moving forward with clinical uses of MRT (i.e., Ukraine and Greece). To date, seventeen babies have been born through the use of MRT worldwide. As the progress of reproductive technologies continues to push the ethical and legal boundaries, the need for an updated AHRA that can keep up with the current and future technological advancements resonates more powerfully than ever. Considering the mounting concerns about reproductive tourism and the alternative uses of MRT, it is important to address the key issues in the MRT policy discussions and expand on the underlying ethical, legal, and policy issues surrounding MRT's clinical translation. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the body of evidence available to Canadian policymakers on the clinical implementation of MRT and assess the relevance of the AHRA's prohibition of this technology. I aimed to (1) identify and expand on key socio-ethical and policy issues in the MRT discussion; (2) explore various stakeholders and the public's attitudes toward the clinical translation of MRT in Canada; and (3) provide policymakers with evidence-based data and key MRT policy principles suited to the Canadian healthcare context. I conducted a review of the relevant academic sources which characterized the socio-ethical issues and scientific advancements of MRT. Next, I developed semi-structured interviews designed to assess the attitudes of Canadian stakeholders, including scientists, clinicians, patients, and egg donors, as well as the general public concerning MRT. Lastly, through the review of MRT's policy literature in combination with the results of my qualitative analysis, I proposed evidence-based policy points to consider in the clinical introduction of MRT in Canada"--

This book examines the links between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. It presents an overview of the role of PA and CRF in the prevention and management of risk factors associated with cardiometabolic diseases such as hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In addition, it explores how these risks vary with different populations such as the elderly and people of various racial backgrounds. The book also highlights risks associated with exercise and presents a prescription for appropriate and efficacious exercise to minimize risk and maximize health benefits for the heart. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Prevention and Management of Cardiometabolic Disease is an essential resource for physicians, exercise physiologists, medical students, residents, fellows, nurses, and researchers in cardiology, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise science, health promotion and disease prevention, public health, and epidemiology.

Poplars and willows form an important component of forestry and agricultural systems, providing a wide range of wood and non-wood products. This book synthesizes research on poplars and willows, providing a practical worldwide overview and guide to their basic characteristics, cultivation and use, issues, problems and trends. Prominence is given to environmental benefits and the importance of poplar and willow cultivation in meeting the needs of people and communities, sustainable livelihoods, land use and development.