Economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have grown phenomenally in recent years. Among the developing countries, China has become a leading source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in SSA and Chinese investment has diversified geographically to reach 44 countries in SSA. Different narratives have been provided to articulate China's growing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for some elementary reasons such attraction is worth commuting on. For China as the second richest country in the world, is perceived to be aggressively taking the centre stage in the global economy. As for African states, China is the ideal commercial partner that seldom slaps special political pre-conditions upon its readily available suppliers, and frequently gives the continent diplomatic backing. China can be arguably mentioned that it uses what it is called dollar diplomacy. Dollar diplomacy can be defined as "the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence, a form of foreign policy to further its aims through the use of economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries or is the power of a nation's financial resources". Therefore dollar diplomacy can be attributed as the use of diplomatic influence, economic pressure, and military power to protect a nation's economic and business interests abroad. The engagement or involvement of China into African economies will be examined to assess if dollar diplomacy was or is at play. Since 2000-2019 China has emerged as Africa's largest trading partner, which is the period the paper will focus on until recently. Chinese direct investment in and lending to African countries has grown rapidly in the past few years. A mass of Chinese workers have moved to Africa in recent years, with estimates running as high as one million in pursuit of investment and trade. Some argues that China's engagement in Africa led to faster growth and poverty reduction on the continent. Whereas some have a different view arguing that in the long run, China will desert Africa in a very dilapidated state. The statement can be argued to be true and it might not. The statement might have been said out of jealousy as seeing that China is penetrating the African market rapidly and aggressively so. Furthermore, growth in Sub-Saharan African has been very impressive over the past decade, especially in the mid-2000 when GDP growth averaged close to 7% per annum. Note that growth has since slowed down, especially in 2015 and 2016. Both the high levels of growth and the subsequent slowdown are related to China. While China's deepening engagement with Africa has largely been associated with better economic performance, its involvement is not without controversy. This is particularly true in the Africa, as typical headlines portray an exploitative relationship: "Into Africa: China's Wild Rush"; "China in Africa: Investment or Exploitation?" and "authors warns against 'new colonialism' in Africa." The purpose of this paper is to analyze the major factors affecting foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with particular emphasis on Chinese FDI, and the influence of dollar diplomacy. The flow in Chinese involvement is relatively recent as China has found a new way to penetrate SSA countries economic markets like no any other continents has ever done. Thus one simple objective is to arrange evidence about the scale of China's trade, investment, and its impact in Sub-Saharan Africa and what has attracted that investment into Africa. China's economic engagement with Africa is a complex issue with numerous aspects. It is usually difficult to find good and comprehensive data on low-income countries, and much of Africa is low-income. However, more efforts will be done to secure the data to enable analysis in answering the questions concerned. Many graphs and tables from different sources have been used to analyse the topic of the paper to ascertain its veracity or/and fallaciousness. In general, China's engagement with Africa is a win-win scenario for both sides as alluded at the latest concluded Forum for China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) that was held from 3-4 September 2018 in Beijing, China. So it would make sense to be more forthcoming with information. Still, there is some available information on and research into China's trade, investment, and migration visà- vis Africa to draw some tentative conclusions and to make some recommendations for African countries and China.

"This book describes China's growing range of activities in Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan region. The three most important instruments China has at its disposal in Africa are development aid, investments and trade policy. The Chinese government, which believes the Western development aid model has failed, is looking for new forms of aid and development in Africa. China's economic success can partly be ascribed to the huge availability of cheap labour, which is primarily employed in export-oriented industries. China is looking for the required raw materials in Africa, and for new marketplaces. Investments are being made on a large scale in Africa by Chinese state-controlled firms and private companies, particularly in the oil-producing countries (Angola, Nigeria and Sudan) and countries rich in minerals (Zambia). Third, the trade policy China is conducting is analysed in China and compared with that of Europe and the United States. In case studies the specific situation in several African countries is examined. In Zambia the mining industry, construction and agriculture are described. One case study of Sudan deals with the political presence of China in Sudan and the extent to which Chinese arms suppliers contributed to the current crisis in Darfur. The possibility of Chinese diplomacy offering a solution in that conflict is discussed. The conclusion considers whether social responsibility can be expected of the Chinese government and companies and if this is desirable, and to what extent the Chinese model in Africa can act as an example - or not - for the West"--Publisher's description.

China and India's new-found interest in trade and investment with Africa - home to 300 million of the globe's poorest people and the world's most formidable development challenge - presents a significant opportunity for growth and integration of theSub-Saharan continent into the global economy. Africa's Silk Road finds that China and India's South-South commerce with Africa isabout far more than natural resources, opening the way for Africato become a processor of commodities and a competitive supplier of goods and services to these countries - a major departure from its long established relations with the North. A growing number of Chinese and Indian businesses active in Africa operate on a global scale, work with world-class technologies, produce products and services according to the most demanding standards, and foster the integration of African businesses into advanced markets.There are significant imbalances, however, in these emerging commercial relationships. These can be addressed through a series of reforms in all countries: 'At-the-border' reforms, such as elimination of China and India's escalating tariffs on Africa's leading exports, and elimination ofAfrica's tariffs on certain inputs that make exports uncompetitive 'Behind-the-border' reforms in Africa, to unleash competitive market forces and strengthen its basic market institutions 'Between-the-border' improvements in trade facilitation mechanisms to decrease transactions costs Reforms that leverage linkages between investment and trade, toallow African businesses to participate in global productionnetworks that investments by Chinese and Indian firms can generate.

Chinese engagement in Africa has been critically acclaimed to neocolonialism and to the extraction of resources. Africa is no stranger to exploitation. For decades, the continent has attracted foreign investment and China is not an exception. Thus, the continent has never recuperated from the devastating legacy left behind by decades of colonialism which has resulted in the obstruction of its development. As such, with the vast amount of natural resources that the continent carries, it became the focal point of countries hoping to foster economic, social and institutional growth. Today, China is Africa's largest trading partner. China also relies on the African market for a fixed flow of natural resources such as oil, copper, and iron to increase and sustain its economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various factors that affect Chinese direct investments (FDI) in African countries. The study’s dependent variable is Chinese FDI and the independent variables are Market size, foreign aid, openness to trade, government corruption, and political stability (absence of violence/terrorism). In order to test the effects of these determinants on Chinese FDI, I will use a cross regression analysis on all 54 countries in Africa over the period of year 2005–2015. This study is important because the results would suggest the policies that African countries should implement in order to attract Chinese investment and possibly ways to benefit from these investments without equating it to neocolonialism.

China leads the world when it comes to investment and influence on the African continent. The extent of Chinese investment in Africa is well known and much has been written about China’s foray into Africa. However, most of the available material has approached this issue by looking at China as the ’New Colonialist’ – more interested in Africa’s vast natural resources than working in partnership for sustained development. Whilst China’s interest in Africa’s resources is evident, it is just half of the story. China’s foray into Africa goes beyond its appetite for natural resources and into the realm of geo-politics and international political economics. For example, China is all too aware of how it can cultivate Africa’s support on global issues at the United Nations and at other international fora. Breaking free from the binary arguments and analysis which characterize this topic, Professor Abdulai presents a refreshing perspective that China’s foray into Africa can produce win–win outcomes for China and Africa – if Africans really know what they want from China. Hitherto, each African country has tended to engage China with an individual bucket list; acting in isolation and not as part of a wider continent (indeed Africa and the African Union does not yet have a coordinated policy towards China). For Africa to be able to do that it needs to know where China is coming from, the factors that contributed to its awakening and success, and the benefits and possible pitfalls of this foray, in order to better position itself for a win–win engagement with China. This book will be a valuable read for policy makers, think-tanks and students of Africa-China studies programmes alike.

Scientific Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, , language: English, abstract: The latter part of the twentieth century saw diverse investors actively looking for a favorable and secured environment for their capital investment. In the past, the black continent seldom rings a bell in the mind of most investors, but with the current uncertainties as well as financial crisis experienced globally coupled with the augmented demand of natural supplies forced investors to turn to Africa. For the past ten years, this situation has placed all Africa countries, including both developed and emerging nations in an embarrassing situation with a very low overseas investment. It is impossible to debate Africa’s development issue without pointing out the recent Chinese investment in the continent. For the past twenty years, China’s interest in the region has increase significantly. At the same time, it has aroused intense discussions with the international community because it has the drive to set up a lasting partnership with African nations. This new status quo will inevitably generate legal protection difficulties for the interest of each party. This paper looks at the influence of Chinese investment on African nation’s development. The paper looks at the challenges most Chinese investors’ encounter in Africa, and what legal protection the host nation provides to the investors to secure their profits and simultaneously safeguard their personal interest.

The explosive growth of China's economic interests in Africa -- bilateral trade rocketed from $1 billion in 1990 to $150 billion in 2011 -- may be the most important trend in the continent's foreign relations since the end of the Cold War. In 2010, China surpassed the United States as Africa's top trading partner; its quest to build a strategic partnership with Africa on own its terms through tied aid, trade, and development finance is also part of Beijing's broader aspirations to surpass the United States as the world's preeminent superpower. Africa and other emerging economies have become attractive partners for China not only for natural resources, but as growing markets. Africa's rapid growth since 2000 has not just occurred because of higher commodity prices, but more importantly due to other factors including improved governance, economic reforms, and an expanding labor force. China's rapid and successful expansion in Africa is due to multiple factors, including economic diplomacy that is clearly superior to that of the United States. China's "no strings attached" approach to development, however, risks undoing decades of Western efforts to promote good governance. Consequently, this monograph examines China's oil diplomacy, equity investments in strategic minerals, and food policy toward Africa. The official U.S. rhetoric is that China's rise in Africa should not be seen as a zero-sum game, but areas where real U.S.-China cooperation can help Africa remain elusive, mainly because of Beijing's hyper-mistrust of Washington. The United States could help itself, and Africa, by improving its own economic diplomacy and adequately funding its own soft-power efforts.