Study Of Water And Steam Chemistry Transcends The Traditional Barriers Between Chemistry, Engineering And Physics. On Account Of Its Multi-Disciplinary Nature, The Study Of Water Chemistry Has Become Technologically Significant. This Book Is An Attempt To Bring To The Attention Of Academic And Professional Chemists, Various Facets Of Water Chemistry. It Blends Basic And Applied Knowledge In This Field. The Subject Matter Covered Includes Properties Of Water At Elevated Temperatures, The Characteristics Of Natural And Industrial Cooling Waters As Well As Purifications By Ion Exchange And Reverse Osmosis. Several Chapters Are Devoted To Water And Steam Chemistry In Thermal And Nuclear Power Stations And In The Utilisation Of Geothermal Energy. Effluent Treatment And Water Conservation Have Been Dealt With Briefly To Provide A Better And Comprehensive Study Of The Subject.

This practical handbook for utility personnel and independent power producers provides detailed discussion and examples of solutions to water chemistry problems in power plant boilers. Plant efficiency and profitability depend on avoiding such problems as pH extremes, oxygen scavenging, corrosion, scale, and contamination. Formulas and calculations are provided for each area of concern.

This second edition demonstrates how chemistry influences the design of water treatment plants and how it should influence the design. Historically, water treatment plants have been designed from hydraulic considerations with little regard to chemical aspects. The many chemical reactions used for removal of pollutants from water simply cannot be forced to occur within current designs. This book re-examines this traditional approach in light of today's water quality and treatment. Will current water treatment processes be sufficient to meet future demands or will new processes have to be devised? Chemistry of Water Treatment assesses the chemical and physical efficacies of current processes to meet the demands of the Safe Drinking water Act, providing expert information to persons responsible for the production of potable water into the next century.

Mineral scale deposits, corrosion, suspended matter, and microbiological growth are factors that must be controlled in industrial water systems. Research on understanding the mechanisms of these problems has attracted considerable attention in the past three decades as has progress concerning water treatment additives to ameliorate these concerns.

Table of Contents: About the Author - Saturated steam temperatures at various boiler pressures - Boiler Energy and Power Units - Typical gross heating values of common fuels (based on approximately 80% fuel to steam efficiency) - Typical energy consumption and output ratings for a fire tube boiler - Steam tables suitable for pressure deaerators - Calculating Blowdown - Coefficients of thermal conductivity for some heat-exchanger metals and boiler deposits - Types of water or steam commonly employed in most HW heating and steam generating plants - Commonly occurring minerals in natural MU water sources - Specific waterside / steamside problems affecting MPHW and HPHW boiler plants - Salt concentration indicators - Summary of waterside / steamside problems affecting LPHW and LP steam heating boiler plants - FW contamination from MU water - FW contamination from returned condensate - Problems associated with the final FW blend - Deposition of boiler section waterside surfaces by alkaline earth metal salts, other inorganic salts and organics - Silica and silicate crystalline scales and deposits affecting boiler section waterside surfaces - Iron oxide and other boiler section corrosion debris deposits - Boiler section corrosion problems involving oxygen, concentration cells and low pH - Stress and high temperature related corrosion - Steam purity, quality and other operational problems - Specification for grades of high-quality water suitable for higher pressure WT boilers - Practical considerations for a RW ion-exchange softener - Types of Internal Treatment Program - Carbonate Cycle Requirement Calculations - Phosphate-Cycle Requirement Calculations - A Guide to Tannin Residuals in BW - Carbonate-Cycle Program. BW Carbonate Reserve Requirements by Pressure and Sulfate Concentration - Carbonate-Cycle Coagulation and Precipitation Program. Recommended BW Control Limits for Non-Highly-Rated FT Boilers Employing Hard or Partially Softened FW - Phosphate-Cycle Coagulation and Precipitation Program. Recommended BW Control Limits for Non-Highly-Rated FT Boilers Employing Hard, Partially Softened, or Fully Softened FW - Phosphate-Cycle Coagulation and Precipitation Program. Recommended BW Control Limits for Non-Highly-Rated WT Boilers Employing Hard, Partially Softened, or Fully Softened FW - Chelant demand (ppm product) per 1ppm substrate EDTA Chelant or All-Polymer/All-Organic Program. Recommended BW Control Limits for Fired WT Boilers Employing Demineralized or Similar Quality FW - Oxygen Solubility at Atmospheric Pressure - Properties of Oxygen Scavengers - Carbon Dioxide Evolution from FW Alkalinity - Amine Requirement to Reach a Stable Condensate pH - Amine Basicity Dissociation Constants - Neutralizing Amine Summary Notes - Some DR values for CO2, NH3 and neutralizing amines at various pressures - Calculating Alkalinity Feed-Rate Requirements - [ASME Consensus table 1: Suggested water chemistry limits. Industrial watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum typeMakeup water percentage: Up to 100% of feedwater. Conditions: Includes superheater, turbine drives or process restriction on steam purity] - [ASME Consensus table 2: Suggested chemistry limits. Industrial watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type] - [ASME Consensus table 3: Suggested chemistry limits. Industrial firetube, high duty, primary fuel fired] - [ASME Consensus table 4: Suggested water chemistry limits. Industrial coil type, watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired rapid steam generators] - [ASME Consensus table 5: Suggested water chemistry limits. Marine propulsion, watertube, oil fired drum type] - [ASME Consensus table 6: Suggested water chemistry limits. Electrode, high voltage, forced circulation jet type] - Notes

This publication provides recommendations for water chemistry monitoring and is a companion to the ASME "Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers," "A Practical Guide to Avoiding Steam Purity Problems in the Industrial Plant," and "Consensus on Operating Practices for Control of Water and Steam Chemistry in Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Power Plants." These documents provide guidance for avoiding the penalties of severe corrosion or deposition in steam generation systems and end user equipment.