This volume presents the proceedings of the 2nd VDM-Europe Symposium held in Dublin, Ireland, September 12-16, 1988. VDM, the Vienna Development Method, is a formal method for software engineering. It is being applied to an increasing number of projects by companies throughout Europe and there is an active international research programme supporting this process. "VDM - The Way Ahead" is the second of a series of symposia sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) and organised by VDM-Europe. The term "formal method" refers to mathematically formal software specification and production methods. These methods aim to increase the quality of software in two related ways: by improving the specification and by making verification during the software production process more effective and easier to audit. The symposium proceedings focus on five areas of interest: education and technology transfer, experience and use of VDM, tools and support environments, method development and foundation at work, the standardisation of VDM. The proceedings are of interest to all those concerned with the application of more rigorous approaches to software development and the associated theoretical foundations.

LOGLAN '88 belongs to the family of object oriented programming languages. It embraces all important known tools and characteristics of OOP, i.e. classes, objects, inheritance, coroutine sequencing, but it does not get rid of traditional imperative programming: primitive types do not need to be objects; records, static arrays, subtypes and other similar type contructs are admitted. LOGLAN has non-traditional memory model which accepts programmed deallocation but avoids dangling reference. The LOGLAN semantic model provides multi-level inheritance, which properly cooperates with module nesting. Parallelism in LOGLAN has an object oriented nature. Processes are treated like objects of classes and communication between processes is provided by alien calls similar to remote calls.

This title is devoted to presenting some of the most important concepts and techniques for describing real-time systems and analyzing their behavior in order to enable the designer to achieve guarantees of temporal correctness. Topics addressed include mathematical models of real-time systems and associated formal verification techniques such as model checking, probabilistic modeling and verification, programming and description languages, and validation approaches based on testing. With contributions from authors who are experts in their respective fields, this will provide the reader with the state of the art in formal verification of real-time systems and an overview of available software tools.

3. 1 What are formal methods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. 2 A survey of formal methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3. 2. 1 FDTs and FSLs for sequential software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3. 2. 1. 1 VDM (Vienna Development Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. 2. 1. 2 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 3 me too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 4 HOS and AXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 5 Gist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 6 Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 7 OBJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 8 ACT ONE and ACT TWO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 9 CIP-L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 10 LPG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 11 Larch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 12 Logic languages-the Prolog family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 1. 13 Functional languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 2 FDTs and FSLs for concurrent software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 2. 1 LOTOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3. 2. 2. 2 Estelle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 3 SDL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 4 ASN. l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 5 TTCN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 2. 6 Gypsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3 Graphical formalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3. 1 Petri nets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3. 2 Higraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 4 Less formal methods and notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 1 SADT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 2 Structured Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 3 SSADM and LSDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 4 JSPandJSD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 5 HDM and the SPECIAL language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3. 2. 4. 6 Structured analysis and design of real-time systems. . 27 3. 3 Support tools for FDTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This volume contains selected papers presented at the European Symposium on Programming (ESOP) held jointly with the seventeeth Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP) in Rennes, France, February 26-28, 1992 (the proceedings of CAAP appear in LNCS 581). The previous symposiawere held in France, Germany, and Denmark. Every even year, as in 1992, CAAPis held jointly with ESOP. ESOP addresses fundamental issues and important developments in the specification and implementation of programming languages and systems. It continues lines begun in France and Germany under the names "Colloque sur la Programmation" and the GI workshop on "Programmiersprachen und Programmentwicklung". The programme committee received 71 submissions, from which 28 have been selected for inclusion in this volume.

Software Engineer's Pocket Book provides a concise discussion on various aspects of software engineering. The book is comprised of six chapters that tackle various areas of concerns in software engineering. Chapter 1 discusses software development, and Chapter 2 covers programming languages. Chapter 3 deals with operating systems. The book also tackles discrete mathematics and numerical computation. Data structures and algorithms are also explained. The text will be of great use to individuals involved in the specification, design, development, implementation, testing, maintenance, and quality assurance of software.

The ISSAC'88 is the thirteenth conference in a sequence of international events started in 1966 thanks to the then established ACM Special Interest Group on Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation (SIGSAM). For the first time the two annual conferences "International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation" (ISSAC) and "International Conference on Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes" (AAECC) have taken place as a Joint Conference in Rome, July 4-8, 1988. Twelve invited papers on subjects of common interest for the two conferences are included in the proceedings and divided between this volume and the preceding volume of Lecture Notes in Computer Science which is devoted to AAECC-6. This book contains contributions on the following topics: Symbolic, Algebraic and Analytical Algorithms, Automatic Theorem Proving, Automatic Programming, Computational Geometry, Problem Representation and Solution, Languages and Systems for Symbolic Computation, Applications to Sciences, Engineering and Education.