Vapor-dominated Hydrothermal Systems Compared with Hot-water Systems
Title | Vapor-dominated Hydrothermal Systems Compared with Hot-water Systems PDF eBook |
Author | Donald Edward White |
Publisher | |
Pages | 53 |
Release | 1970 |
Genre | Geysers |
ISBN |
Vapor-dominated ("dry-steam") geothermal systems are uncommon and poorly understood compared with hot-water systems. Critical physical data on both types were obtained from U.S. Geological Survey research in Yellowstone Park. Vapor-dominated systems require relatively potent heat supplies and low initial permeability. After an early hot-water stage, a system becomes vapor dominated when net discharge starts to exceed recharge. Steam then boils from a declining water table; some steam escapes to the atmosphere, but most condenses below the surface, where its heat of vaporization can be conducted upward. The main vapor-dominated reservoir actually is a two-phase heat-transfer system. Vapor boiled from the deep (brine?) water table flows upward; most liquid condensate flows down to the water table, but some may be swept out with steam in channels of principal upflow. Liquid water favors small pores and channels because of its high surface tension relative to that of steam. Steam is largely excluded from smaller spaces but greatly dominates the larger channels and discharge from wells. With time, permeability of water-recharge channels, initially low, becomes still lower because of deposition of carbonates and CaSO4, which decrease in solubility with temperature. The "lid" on the system consists of argillized rocks and CO2 - saturated condensate. Our model of vapor-dominated systems and the thermodynamic properties of steam provide a good mechanism for separating volatile mercury from all other metals of lower volatility. Mercury is known to be enriched in the vapor of these systems; the zone of condensation that surrounds the uniform reservoir is attractive for precipitating HgS. A more speculative suggestion is that porphyry copper deposits form below the deep water tables hypothesized for the vapor-dominated systems. Some enigmatic characteristics of these copper deposits are consistent with such a relationship, and warrant consideration and testing.
Geothermal Energy
Title | Geothermal Energy PDF eBook |
Author | Wendell A. Duffield |
Publisher | DIANE Publishing |
Pages | 43 |
Release | 2003 |
Genre | Geothermal resources |
ISBN | 1428917373 |
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Title | Selected Water Resources Abstracts PDF eBook |
Author | |
Publisher | |
Pages | 1524 |
Release | 1971 |
Genre | Hydrology |
ISBN |
Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Flow and Energy Transport in Hydrothermal Systems
Title | Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Flow and Energy Transport in Hydrothermal Systems PDF eBook |
Author | Charles R. Faust |
Publisher | |
Pages | 114 |
Release | 1977 |
Genre | Energy transfer |
ISBN |
Geothermal Energy Development
Title | Geothermal Energy Development PDF eBook |
Author | United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Water Resources |
Publisher | |
Pages | 524 |
Release | 1975 |
Genre | Geothermal resources |
ISBN |
Boron
Title | Boron PDF eBook |
Author | Lawrence M. Anovitz |
Publisher | Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |
Pages | 884 |
Release | 2018-12-17 |
Genre | Science |
ISBN | 1501509225 |
Volume 33 of Reviews in Mineralogy reviews the Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry of Boron. Contents: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Boron: An Introduction The Crystal Chemistry of Boron Experimental Studies on Borosilicates and Selected Borates Thermochemistry of Borosilicate Melts and Glasses - from Pyrex to Pegmatites Thermodynamics of Boron Minerals: Summary of Structural, Volumetric and Thermochemical Data Continental Borate Deposits of Cenozoic Age Boron in Granitic Rocks and Their Contact Aureoles Experimental Studies of Boron in Granitic Melts Borosilicates (Exclusive of Tourmaline) and Boron in Rock-forming Minerals in Metamorphic Environments Metamorphic Tourmaline and Its Petrologic Applications Tourmaline Associations with Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Geochemistry of Boron and Its Implications for Crustal and Mantle Processes Boron Isotope Geochemistry: An Overview Similarities and Contrasts in Lunar and Terrestrial Boron Geochemistry Electron Probe Microanalysis of Geologic Materials for Boron Analyses of Geological Materials for Boron by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Nuclear Methods for Analysis of Boron in Minerals Parallel Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy of Boron in Minerals Instrumental Techniques for Boron Isotope Analysis
Geothermal Energy Development
Title | Geothermal Energy Development PDF eBook |
Author | United States. Congress. Senate. Interior and Insular Affairs Committee |
Publisher | |
Pages | 534 |
Release | 1975 |
Genre | |
ISBN |