More than 30-year operational satellite data have already been used for monitoring land, ocean and atmosphere. These applications have contributed to improve sustainable economy, produce healthy environment and enhance human life. The Advanced Research Workshop sponsored by NATO and organized by the USA’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Ukrainian’s Space Agency bring the scientists with the most mature research designed for practical use. The goals were to select those which is used for services today and identify the areas to expand research and services. Scientific and application results of the Workshop presented in this book can be used today in agriculture, forestry, water resources, healthy coastal life and fisheries, climate and land cover change, anthropogenic activities and others. The presented papers provide information on how to use operational satellites and in situ measurements for early detection of large-scale droughts, floods and fires, diagnose crop and pasture annual losses, predict periods with health/unhealthy vegetation based on such climate forcing events as ENSO, monitor air quality and geomagnetic activities, assess land cover trends in responce to global warming etc. The available satellite/ground information and method is currently warn with a lead time sufficient to respond, recover and protect.

The system of satellites in place to provide environmental data-data to monitor events such as forest fires and floods; to make weather predictions; and to assess crops, transportation impacts, fisheries, land-use patterns, sea temperature, and soil moisture, among other things- serves a wide and growing array of users. In the coming years as the next generation of operational environmental satellites in put in orbit, the will be a large expansion in data availability. To ensure that these data serve effectively this broad user community, a new vision for the future of operational environmental satellite data utilization is needed. To help develop approaches for handling this potential data overload, NASA, with technical support from NOAA, asked the NRC to conduct an end-to-end review of issues about the utilization of operational environmental satellite data for 2010 and beyond. This report presents the result of that review. It focuses on ensuring the value of environmental satellite data for addressing specific user needs, distribution of such data, and data access and utilization.

This book discusses the detrimental consequences of climate-related land changes over a 40-year period between 1981 and 2020, and focuses on how climate warming is deteriorating the agricultural system due to excessive heat, lack of moisture and more intensive and widespread droughts leading to a reduction of agricultural production. Most of the existing literature on the unfavourable consequences of global warming for land are based on a relatively short period of weather station data, covering local land areas with limited networks and monitoring parameters. These concerns have led to the use of satellite data, whose measurements are controlled by such vegetation characteristics as chlorophyll, carotenoids, moisture contents in the plants and temperature inside the vegetation community. Therefore, the discussion of this book is completely based on high-resolution global land surface measurements by the sensors on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) operational afternoon polar-orbiting satellites. The book also focuses on understanding climate change impacts on land changes where humans are living, and combines biophysically-grounded methods and the 40-year data to develop models for monitoring large-scale Earth warming impacts on land and for timely prediction of climate consequences for humans. These 40-year trends in land characteristics will help to better inform the assessment of potential changes in the future and how to reach human sustainability. The book will of interest to scientists using satellite remote sensing to track climate change impacts on land over time, as well as students and researchers in climatology and environmental sustainability.

The six volumes LNCS 11619-11624 constitute the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2019, held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in July 2019. The 64 full papers, 10 short papers and 259 workshop papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected form numerous submissions. The 64 full papers are organized in the following five general tracks: computational methods, algorithms and scientific applications; high performance computing and networks; geometric modeling, graphics and visualization; advanced and emerging applications; and information systems and technologies. The 259 workshop papers were presented at 33 workshops in various areas of computational sciences, ranging from computational science technologies to specific areas of computational sciences, such as software engineering, security, artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.

This book presents research using high-resolution operational satellite data for monitoring and assessing numerically how to reduce the area and intensity of malaria outbreaks. Satellite data and imageries a powerful and effective tool for malaria monitoring and reduction of the number of affected people as it bypasses the limitations imposed by the dearth of near-the-ground weather data in many malaria-prone areas. With this in mind, this volume provides readers with: In-depth information in monitoring signs of malaria from operational polar-orbiting satellites Examples of country-specific models for predicting malaria area (1 and 4 km2 resolution) and intensity Information on the how the effects of climate change on malaria outbreak area and intensity can be monitored A new Vegetation Health (VH) methodology to estimate vegetation moisture, temperature and moisture/temperature conditions as indicators of malaria vector activity Advice to users on the application of VH technology for early assessments of malaria area, intensity and risk level Remote Sensing for Malaria is intended for an audience of public health practitioners, environmentalists, and students and researchers working in spatial epidemiology and disease prevention.

This volume gathers a variety of applications for remote sensing of vegetation health (VH) and concretely shows how this information can be used in service of ending hunger and of ensuring future food security. In this book’s ten chapters, Dr. Felix Kogan, one of the most prolific scientists in this sphere, shows how a new VH method, designed from operational environmental satellite data, can be used to provide advanced predictions of agricultural losses, helping to enhance food security and reducing the number of hungry people. Topics covered include the scientific basis of the VH method, drought monitoring, prediction of short-term agricultural yield and crop insurance, and impacts of long term climate variability and change on food security. A short discussion on VH for human health-related topics such as detection and prediction of malaria and fire risk is included as well.

An examination of environmental satellite data sharing policies, offering a model of data-sharing policy development, case and practical recommendations for increasing global data sharing. Key to understanding and addressing climate change is continuous and precise monitoring of environmental conditions. Satellites play an important role in collecting climate data, offering comprehensive global coverage that can't be matched by in situ observation. And yet, as Mariel Borowitz shows in this book, much satellite data is not freely available but restricted; this remains true despite the data-sharing advocacy of international organizations and a global open data movement. Borowitz examines policies governing the sharing of environmental satellite data, offering a model of data-sharing policy development and applying it in case studies from the United States, Europe, and Japan—countries responsible for nearly half of the unclassified government Earth observation satellites. Borowitz develops a model that centers on the government agency as the primary actor while taking into account the roles of such outside actors as other government officials and non-governmental actors, as well as the economic, security, and normative attributes of the data itself. The case studies include the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS); the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). Finally, she considers the policy implications of her findings for the future and provides recommendations on how to increase global sharing of satellite data.