We explore the learning process and behavior of an individual with unrealistically high expectations (“overconfidence”) when outcomes also depend on an external fundamental that affects the optimal action. Moving beyond existing results in the literature, we show that the agent's beliefs regarding the fundamental converge under weak conditions. Furthermore, we identify a broad class of situations in which “learning” about the fundamental is self-defeating: it leads the individual systematically away from the correct belief and toward lower performance. Due to his overconfidence, the agent--even if initially correct--becomes too pessimistic about the fundamental. As he adjusts his behavior in response, he lowers outcomes and hence becomes even more pessimistic about the fundamental, perpetuating the misdirected learning. The greater isthe loss from choosing a suboptimal action, the further the agent's action ends up from optimal. We partially characterize environments in which self-defeating learning occurs, and show that the decisionmaker learns to take the optimal action if and only if a specific non-identifiability condition is satisfied. In contrast to an overconfident agent, an underconfident agent's misdirected learning is self-limiting and therefore not very harmful. We argue that the decision situations in question are common in economic settings, including delegation, organizational, effort, and public-policy choices.

Are you tired of feeling trapped by negative thoughts and emotions? Do you struggle with self-doubt, fear, or anxiety? "MISGUIDED THINKING: Correct and Guide Your Thoughts in a Healthier Direction" is a transformative guide that combines biblical wisdom with cognitive behavioral therapy to help you break free from the chains of misguided beliefs and cultivate a healthier, more fulfilling mindset. In this empowering self-help book, you will discover practical strategies to identify and challenge the negative thoughts that sabotage your happiness and success. Each chapter delves into common issues such as fear, anxiety, self-doubt, and relationship struggles, offering insights and tools to overcome them. By integrating timeless biblical principles with proven psychological techniques, this book provides a comprehensive approach to mental and emotional well-being. Through relatable examples, reflective exercises, and encouraging affirmations, you will learn how to: Recognize and challenge misguided beliefs that undermine your confidence and peace. Replace negative self-talk with empowering biblical truths. Cultivate a positive mindset and resilience in the face of life's challenges. Build and maintain healthy, fulfilling relationships. Embrace change and take bold steps toward your goals with courage and faith. "Misguided Thinking" is more than just a book; it’s a roadmap to a renewed mind and a transformed life. Whether you are seeking to overcome specific struggles or simply want to improve your overall mental and emotional health, this book offers the guidance and support you need to navigate your journey. Take the first step towards a brighter, more positive future. Equip yourself with the tools to correct and guide your thoughts in a healthier direction, and experience the freedom and joy that comes from aligning your mind with God's truth. Start your journey to mental and emotional transformation today with "MISGUIDED THINKING: Correct and Guide Your Thoughts in a Healthier Direction."

Americas public schools are in decline and in need of urgent reform. Once the envy of the entire world, the American public school system now struggles to keep pace with other industrialized nations and is falling further behind with each passing decade. This disturbing trend raises two important questions: Why did our schools decline? What must we do to make our schools great again? To answer these questions, Misguided Notions goes back to the roots of human civilization and retraces the development of education over the last ten thousand years. Along the way, a wise reformer offers warnings based on his eyewitness accounts of the collapses of historys greatest civilizations. The evidence is clear: when schools discard tried and proven principles of education and when society abandons its core values, both will collapse. The commonsense solutions offered in Misguided Notions combine proven old-school educational principles with the advantages of modern technology. Teachers, principals, school board members, parents, community leaders, and politicians perplexed by the lack of answers to the current dilemma in public education can find enlightenment in Misguided Notions.

Misguided Education Reform: Debating the Impact on Students argues for reforms that will help, not hurt, America’s public school students. Early childhood education, testing, reading, special education, discipline, loss of the arts, and school facilities, are all areas experiencing reform in the wrong direction. This book says “no” to the reforms that fail, and challenges Americans to address the real student needs that will fix public schools and make America strong.

The volume begins with a historical overview of the self in social judgment and outlines the major issues. Subsequent chapters, all written by leading experts in their respective areas, identify and elaborate four major themes regarding the self in social judgment: · the role of the self as an information source for evaluating others, or what has been called 'social projection' · the assumption of personal superiority as reflected in the pervasive tendency for people to view their characteristics more favorably than those of others · the role of the self as a comparison standard from or toward which other people's behaviors and attributes are assimilated or contrasted · the relative weight people place on the individual and collective selves in defining their attributes and comparing them to those of other people

This title addresses the challenge of developing an awareness of each child's needs and interests in your setting, and planning accordingly. The book covers: supporting others in their planning and leading change, the reason for planning and how to develop professional planning skills.

Widely adopted, this valued course text and practitioner guide has expanded the understanding of family normality and healthy functioning in our increasingly diverse society. The editor and contributors are at the forefront of research and clinical training. They describe the challenges facing contemporary families and ways in which clinicians can promote resilience. With consideration of sociocultural and developmental influences, chapters identify key family processes that nurture and sustain strong bonds in couples; dual-earner, divorced, single-parent, remarried, adoptive, and kinship care families; gay and lesbian families; culturally diverse families; and those coping with adversity, such as trauma,ÿ poverty, and chronic illness.ÿNew to This Edition*Reflects important research advances and the changing contexts of family life.*Additional chapter topics: kinship care, family rituals, evidence-based assessment, and neurobiology.*All chapters have been fully updated.