A framework for the dynamic analysis of unemployment is presented and applied to Canadian and U.S. data. The focus of the analysis is upon the distinction between being unemployed and becoming unemployed, that is, between the stock and the flow of unemployment. The share of a particular group in the stock of unemployed will differ from its share in the flow into unemployment to the extent that the average duration of unemployment for the group differs from the economy-wide average. An analysis of Canadian and U.S. data leads to a series of stylized facts that permit a deeper understanding of unemployment in the two countries and of the differences between them. Significant differences in the average duration of unemployment imply that stock shares are not good indicators of flow shares; changes in the stock share of some groups are due to changes in the flow share, while for others they are due to changes in the length of unemployment spells. Explanations of the Canada-U.S. unemployment rate gap should try to accommodate at least three facts uncovered by the analysis: 1) that employer-initiated permanent separations are the primary means of entry into unemployment in Canada, while labor force entry plays a more important role in the U.S.; 2) unemployment spells are significantly longer in Canada than in the U.S. because of longer spells for most groups regardless of reason for unemployment, not because of a compositional difference in the make up of the unemployed; and 3) that longer spell duration and a higher incidence of unemployment contribute about equally to the trend increase in the Canada-U.S. unemployment differential during the 1980s.

The paper utilizes a theoretical stock-flow accounting model of the labor market, similar to Blanchard and Diamond (1989). Identifying restrictions are derived from the theoretical model and are imposed on a SVAR system. The estimation allows for decomposing fluctuations to their cyclical and structural components. The model is applied to the Israeli economy. The estimates suggest that non-cyclical factors account for at least half of the decline of the unemployment rate during the period between 2004-Q1, when unemployment peaked at 10.9 percent, and 2011-Q4, when it marked a trough at 5.4 percent; suggesting a shift inward of the Beveridge curve.

A framework for the dynamic analysis of unemployment is presented, and applied to Canadian and U.S. data. The focus of the analysis is upon the distinction between being unemployed and becoming unemployed, that is, between the stock and the flow of unemployment. The share of a particular group in the stock of unemployed will differ from its share in the flow into unemployment to the extent that the average duration of unemployment for the group differs from the economy wide average. An analysis of Canadian and U.S. data leads to a series of stylized facts that permit a deeper understanding of unemployment in the two countries, and of the differences between them. Significant differences in the average duration of unemployment imply that stock shares are not good indicators of flow shares, changes in the stock share of some groups are due to changes in the flow share, while for others they are due to changes in the length of unemployment spells. Explanations of the Canada - U.S. unemployment rate gap should try to accommodate at least three facts uncovered by the analysis: (1) that employer initiated permanent separations are the primary means of entry into unemployment in Canada, while labour force entry plays a more important role in the US; (2) unemployment spells are significantly longer in Canada than in the U.S. because of longer spells for most groups regardless of reason for unemployment, not because of a compositional difference in the make up of the unemployed; and (3) that longer spell duration and a higher incidence of unemployment contribute about equally to the trend increase in the Canada-U.S. unemployment differential during the 1980s.