"Lakes and wetlands are prevalent in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. They play an important role in regional and local hydroclimatology due to the large differences in albedo, heat capacity, roughness and energy exchange in comparison to that of the land surface. Lakes and wetlands affect the regional water cycle by providing additional storage for surface runoff within a watershed. Water leaves the watershed more slowly, which leads to an increase in evaporation and baseflow. Lakes influence the energy cycle by changing the partitioning of energy cycle components (i.e. latent heat, sensible heat, and net radiation) due to differences in albedo, heat capacity, and roughness with vegetative surface. Climate variability and climate change affect the regional scale water and energy cycle by modifying climatic variables such as precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed. These variables influence the seasonal dynamics of lakes including heat storage during the ice-free season and ice cover in the winter. Changes in lake ice and heat storage in turn feedback to local and regional climate making them a potentially important part of the climate system in regions with lots of small lakes (i.e. Great Lakes Region). The overarching goal of this study is to understand the impacts of historic climate variability and climate change on lakes and wetlands in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. To study hydroclimatic impacts, an integrated approach combining in-situ and remotely sensed observations with land surface modeling is adopted. The Variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model with a physically based lake algorithm was used to study the long-term (1916-2007) impacts of historic climate variability and climate change. The VIC model was calibrated and evaluated against daily streamflow, energy fluxes, inundation area, lake water temperature, and lake ice freeze-up and break-up dates. A method for developing depth-area relationships for the lakes in the study domain is derived based on observed bathymetric data for lakes in Michigan and applied to lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin."--Pages xviii-xix.

The changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline. The number of peer-reviewed papers published in geomorphic journals has grown steadily for more than two decades and, more importantly, the diversity of authors with respect to geographic location and disciplinary background (geography, geology, ecology, civil engineering, computer science, geographic information science, and others) has expanded dramatically. As more good minds are drawn to geomorphology, and the breadth of the peer-reviewed literature grows, an effective summary of contemporary geomorphic knowledge becomes increasingly difficult. The fourteen volumes of this Treatise on Geomorphology will provide an important reference for users from undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic. Information on the historical development of diverse topics within geomorphology provides context for ongoing research; discussion of research strategies, equipment, and field methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations reflect the multiple approaches to understanding Earth’s surfaces; and summaries of outstanding research questions highlight future challenges and suggest productive new avenues for research. Our future ability to adapt to geomorphic changes in the critical zone very much hinges upon how well landform scientists comprehend the dynamics of Earth’s diverse surfaces. This Treatise on Geomorphology provides a useful synthesis of the state of the discipline, as well as highlighting productive research directions, that Educators and students/researchers will find useful. Geomorphology has advanced greatly in the last 10 years to become a very interdisciplinary field. Undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic will find the answers they need in this broad reference work which has been designed and written to accommodate their diverse backgrounds and levels of understanding Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. F. Shroder of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, is past president of the QG&G section of the Geological Society of America and present Trustee of the GSA Foundation, while being well respected in the geomorphology research community and having won numerous awards in the field. A host of noted international geomorphologists have contributed state-of-the-art chapters to the work. Readers can be guaranteed that every chapter in this extensive work has been critically reviewed for consistency and accuracy by the World expert Volume Editors and by the Editor-in-Chief himself No other reference work exists in the area of Geomorphology that offers the breadth and depth of information contained in this 14-volume masterpiece. From the foundations and history of geomorphology through to geomorphological innovations and computer modelling, and the past and future states of landform science, no "stone" has been left unturned!

Examines the implications of possible climate changes and variability on both global and regional water resources.

The warmer air temperatures will result in warmer water temperatures, particularly in shallow coastal waters and this will affect the timing of the seasonal mixing of water that occurs in the spring and fall and keeps the deeper waters oxygenated. [...] The human induced contribution to climate change and warming of the atmosphere is of particular concern, as the scientific consensus in the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Houghton et al., 2001) is that most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities. [...] A number of direct climatic factors are likely to drive changes in the coastal zone such as: (a) air temperature, precipitation and wind, and (b) indirect factors such as (c) water height, range, seiche effects, currents, water temperature, range, seasonality, thermoclines and wave height and the frequency of extreme events There are changes in the timing of freeze up and the length of time there [...] The project involves: • Development of site-specific case studies describing recent historical climate variability, trends and climate change in the 21st century; • Identification and description of potential and known impacts based on the conditions described in each of the case studies;. [...] The site has been visited by an average of 15 visitors per month since it was started and the number of pages viewed and the country of origin of visitors is provided in Appendix B. Page 4 Coastal Zone and Climate Change on the Great Lakes Natural Resources Canada July 2006 2.0 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE COASTAL ZONE 2.1 Recent Changes in Climate within the Great Lakes Basin The Great Lakes climate is.

The symposium concluded that there is a high likelihood of a major climatic change in the Great Lakes Basin, and recommended that the U. S. and Canada establish a joint planning group to develop an integrated study of the Great Lakes Basin as a regional pilot project.

Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.