Jusqu'ici, les modèles d'estimation de l'effort (exprimé en homme-mois) nécessaire au développement d'un logiciel sont souvent basés sur des méthodes statistiques. Le modèle Cocomo (Boehm, 1981) et SPQR (Jones, 1986) sont des exemples, de loin les plus connus, de ces modèles. D'autre part, tous les spécialistes s'accordent pour penser que plusieurs facteurs qualitatifs, tels que l'expérience de l'équipe de développement, celle des utilisateurs, et la clarté des spécifications fonctionnelles du logiciel, influence sensiblement les coûts de développement. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un SIAD (système interactif d'aide à la décision) dans lequel le traitement des facteurs qualitatifs est effectué à l'aide d'un système expert. Une analyse similaire à celle des points de fonctions d'Albrecht (1979) permet de calculer une charge théorique selon le type du logiciel et l'expérience passée. L'évaluation est effectuée à 2 niveaux: global et détaillé. L'évaluation globale est calculée au début du développement en utilisant les données disponibles. L'évaluation détaillée, quant à elle, s'effectue lorsque l'analyse est plus avancée. Le responsable du projet peut suivre l'évolution des charges au niveau détaillé tout au long du développement. De plus, et puisque les responsables des estimations font appel à leur expérience, le SIAD doit contenir un module d'apprentissage. C'est pourquoi, nous avons conçu le système de manière à garder les données relatives aux développements déjà terminés. Ces données serviront dans les estimations futures. A la fin de chaque projet, le module d'apprentissage examine dans quelle mesure les informations utilisées pour les estimations devront être ajustées. Notre système combine donc des raisonnements statistiques et basés sur la connaissance

"The applied research indicates that, to improve awareness, park education programs should be targeted specifically to the user groups primarily through outreach programs. Further, the Park's management programs should be highlighted, particularly the beneficial, tangible products and services (benefits) the Park provides to each user group... The closer the tie between reef conditions and business earnings, the greater the users' support for reef conservation." Coral reefs are sometimes referred to as "canaries of the sea" because of their early warning ability to show near-shore oceanic stress. Because of their biological diversity, they are also called "rainforests of the sea." Coral reefs are vital to the well being of millions of people. Coral reef managers and government officials trying to save their valuable national resources have turned to research on coral reefs for help. The research presented in this publication merits a great deal of notice because the output is useful for decision support and training tools in integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). The work on cost-effectiveness analysis has developed integrated economic and ecological models, relying extensively on fuzzy logic procedures to model impacts and effects of interventions within the reef environment. By contrast, the marine system valuation work provides economic valuations of coral reefs, demonstrating the use of different modeling methods and treating key policy issues within this context. This publication will interest coastal zone experts and managers worldwide

This Child-Friendly Schools (CFS) Manual was developed during three-and-a-half years of continuous work, involving the United Nations Children's Fund education staff and specialists from partner agencies working on quality education. It benefits from fieldwork in 155 countries and territories, evaluations carried out by the Regional Offices and desk reviews conducted by headquarters in New York. The manual is a part of a total resource package that includes an e-learning package for capacity-building in the use of CFS models and a collection of field case studies to illustrate the state of the art in child-friendly schools in a variety of settings.

Developed under the Strategic Defence Review, and a key element in the Smart Acquisition reforms policy, the Through-Life Management approach to defence acquisition has been adopted by the Ministry of Defence in order to deliver a faster, and cheaper set of processes and systems for developing an efficient military capability. This report examines whether that capability has been delivered. Among a number of observations and recommendations, the NAO found that Through-Life had yet to become firmly established in the Department, and so yield its' benefits; that despite strong management support, no clear, consolidated strategy existed across the Department itself and that a plan had now been developed to push through the changes needed to implement the Through-Life Management approach more effectively in the Department.

Aiming to support the development of a framework for the analysis of risk in project design and economic analysis, this handbook outlines technical approaches to modeling risk. Also summarized is the nature and practice of sensitivity analysis in dealing with uncertain outcomes as well as the principles to consider in typical risk analysis situations sector by sector. Case studies are included to demonstrate the application of quantitative risk analysis using actual Asian Development Bank projects to help improve project design and quality. Handbook users will learn to identify factors that are the key determinants of project outcomes, determine the likelihood of an individual project's returns being unacceptable, and design measures to mitigate the risks arising from the identified key factors.

The report analyzes key challenges for improving gender equality in the MENA region and provides policy priorities that Governments could consider to address these challenges. By and large the critical areas are in improving economic and political participation of females.

This book is the result of the WHO European Working Group on Health Promotion Evaluation which examined the current range of qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods to provide guidance to policy-makers and practitioners. It includes an extensive c