This report analyses recent trends in public sector pay in OECD countries. It examines the links between public expenditure and public sector compensation costs, and presents recent developments in pay determination systems in the public sector.

This report presents a comparative analysis of public sector pay determination systems in OECD countries and how they are being reformed.

The reform of pay determination systems has been completed in some OECD countries. This report presents information on the procedures which governments have developed to carry out reforms, and on the results obtained, particularly when the reforms have a positive impact on holding down public expenditure. Comparative analysis of public sector pay determination systems in OECD countries illustrates the wide variety of methods of determining public sector remuneration and shows that each country adapts the instruments available to its own institutional structure and economic and social constraints. Those countries which have not opted for radical change are taking a phased, pragmatic approach, lending weight to the view that reform of pay determination systems is extending to all OECD countries.

This report assesses the impact of pay reforms on pay dispersion in the public service. To do so, it draws on recent experiences in Australia, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Traditionally, pay analysis in the public sector has been based on cross section data, such as average or median wages. This study differs in that micro longitudinal data are used to explain and compare pay determination in the French and Italian civil services.

"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.