This timely book analyses the relationship between trade unions, immigration and migrant workers across eleven European countries in the period between the 1990s and 2015. It constitutes an extensive update of a previous comparative analysis – published by Rinus Penninx and Judith Roosblad in 2000 – that has become an important reference in the field. The book offers an overview of how trade unions manage issues of inclusion and solidarity in the current economic and political context, characterized by increasing challenges for labour organizations and rising hostility towards migrants.

Examines the relationship between the Czech Red Unions, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Moscow Internationals and demonstrates that the Red trade unions were able to maintain a degree of independence and national specificity in the face of growing pressure from the Bolshevisers.