Greek philosophers built great discussions about reality, which are still current in our times and still inspire today's great thinkers. From mathematical teachings by Pythagoras, encompassing Plato's and Aristotle's ideas, these great discussions have been essential for our present intelectual development. Today, however, this role has been adopted by a new class of visionaries. Brought together by this new Platonic Academy based in Stanford University; devoted to proving and making use of the supremacy of numbers and mathematics in the digital world; intent on finding the new Holy Grail embodied in the perfect algorithm, present time's entrepreneurs of new technologies have radically transformed, for good or otherwise, the world as we know it. Ulrich Richter Morales delves deep into the legacy – sometimes clear, sometimes mystical and esoteric – of the Pythagoreans in their diverse historical incarnations. He particularly emphasizes their dominant role in these digital times, while he introduces a debate regarding the sort of machines we ought to develop. Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, among others, are declared heirs of the Mathematician from Samos and, always engrossed in polemic discussions, they are inseparable from our concept of how the world works. Getting to know them as persons and as thinkers is a way to better understand modern day life and our role as citizens, in the unstable, volatile grounds we tread on today.

Mexican theorist Adrián Sotelo Valencia analyses the 4.0 revolution of artificial intelligence, Big Data, algorithms, and digital platforms as a global strategy of capital and the state aimed at detaining the global capitalist crisis. The new international division of labour being forged offers severe repercussions for labour.

The big stories -- The skills of the new machines : technology races ahead -- Moore's law and the second half of the chessboard -- The digitization of just about everything -- Innovation : declining or recombining? -- Artificial and human intelligence in the second machine age -- Computing bounty -- Beyond GDP -- The spread -- The biggest winners : stars and superstars -- Implications of the bounty and the spread -- Learning to race with machines : recommendations for individuals -- Policy recommendations -- Long-term recommendations -- Technology and the future (which is very different from "technology is the future").

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Since its initial publication, this highly respected text has provided students with a critical review of the major research paradigms in the social sciences and the logics or strategies of enquiry associated with them. This second edition has been revised and updated.