In 1921, following the rediscovery of Timpanogos Cave, a community raised their voices for the preservation of a fragile and beautiful cave system. Their call was answered on October 14, 1922, when Warren G. Harding created Timpanogos Cave National Monument. Since that day, Timpanogos Cave has become much more than a beautiful cave. The Timpanogos Cave System has become known for its cave formations, color, geology, and unique history. Numerous individuals and groups have worked to share and continue to protect this amazing site. Heart of the Mountain follows people that have used, worked, visited and loved the Timpanogos Cave National Monument from the early people to modern visitors and managers.

Shrouded in the lore of legendary Indians, Mt. Timpanogos beckons the urban populace of Utah. And yet, no “Indian” legend graced the mount until Mormon settlers conjured it—once they had displaced the local Indians, the Utes, from their actual landmark, Utah Lake. On Zion’s Mount tells the story of this curious shift. It is a quintessentially American story about the fraught process of making oneself “native” in a strange land. But it is also a complex tale of how cultures confer meaning on the environment—how they create homelands. Only in Utah did Euro-American settlers conceive of having a homeland in the Native American sense—an endemic spiritual geography. They called it “Zion.” Mormonism, a religion indigenous to the United States, originally embraced Indians as “Lamanites,” or spiritual kin. On Zion’s Mount shows how, paradoxically, the Mormons created their homeland at the expense of the local Indians—and how they expressed their sense of belonging by investing Timpanogos with “Indian” meaning. This same pattern was repeated across the United States. Jared Farmer reveals how settlers and their descendants (the new natives) bestowed “Indian” place names and recited pseudo-Indian legends about those places—cultural acts that still affect the way we think about American Indians and American landscapes.

General geology papers and road logs for the Millenium Field Conference in Utah.