In this unconventional biography, the author recounts the tower's rich history, from its abortive beginnings in 1173 through to its ongoing stabilization today, and examines the various symbolisms that have projected on it throughout the ages.

This book introduces readers to the tower's history, examines why the tilt developed in the first place, and discusses the methods that have been used to stabilize the tower and keep it safe for visitors.

Transform simple pencil sketches into jaw-dropping, photorealistic masterpieces with The Art of 3D Drawing. World-famous 3D artist Stefan Pabst shows you how to take your drawing and painting skills to the next level with techniques for creating lifelike three-dimensional art. Begin with an overview of tools and materials, color theory and color mixing, and drawing and painting techniques. Then follow along with 12 stunning, step-by-step demonstrations that teach fundamental principles of 3D art, such as perspective, shading, rendering textures, and building dimension. Also find tips on adding color with oil paints to add even greater dimension and realism to your artwork and complete your three-dimensional masterpieces. An inspiration gallery at the back offers even more ideas for creating 3D art. Whatever your skill level, you will learn something new as you draw and paint a range of subjects in realistic detail. The projects are: A cube that appears to pop up from the paper A floating sphere A hole that seems to dip below the surface of the paper A group of LEGO® blocks An airplane “flying” over the paper Planet Earth A glass of water A ladybug that looks like it might crawl off the page A shiny classic car The Mayan ruin of Chichen Itza The Leaning Tower of Pisa A child “jumping” off the page With The Art of 3D Drawing, friends and family won’t believe their eyes as they admire your amazing photorealistic artwork.

If you can make a mark on a piece of paper you can draw! If you can write your name... you can draw! Millions of people watch Shoo Rayner's Drawing Tutorials on his award-winning YouTube channel - ShooRaynerDrawing. learn to draw with Shoo Rayner too! In this book, Shoo shows you how, with a little practice, you can learn the basic shapes and techniques of drawing and soon be creating your own, fabulous works of art. Everyone can draw. That means you too!

What do we now know about the origins of plants on land, from an evolutionary and an environmental perspective? The essays in this collection present a synthesis of our present state of knowledge, integrating current information in paleobotany with physical, chemical, and geological data.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is known worldwide for its five-degree lean. The Tower is the Campanile of the Cathedral, which together with the Baptistry and Cemetery form a breath-taking collection of monuments which are regarded as supreme examples of early Renaissance Romanesque architecture. In March 1990 the Tower was closed to the public as it was declared unsafe and close to collapse. A Commission was set up by the Italian Government with the task of developing and implementing stabilization measures. This book begins with a brief description of the history of the Tower and its construction. The reader is then introduced to the huge challenges faced by the Commission in designing and implementing appropriate stabilization measures whilst at the same time satisfying the demanding requirements of conserving a world heritage monument. In particular, two historical studies are described which proved to be most valuable in arriving at suitable stabilization measures. The first was a deduction of the history of inclination of the tower during and subsequent to construction. The results of this study were used to calibrate a sophisticated numerical model of the tower and the underlying very soft ground which proved vital in evaluating the effectiveness of various stabilization schemes. The second study was of measurements of movement made since 1911. This latter study revealed an unexpected mechanism of foundation movement which proved crucial in developing the temporary and permanent stabilization measures and which resulted in the Tower being re-opened to the public in June 2001. The book will appeal to both professionals and students in the fields of Architecture and Civil Engineering. It will also interest specialised audiences of geotechnical engineers and conservation architects. It may also be of wider interest to anyone planning to visit Pisa or who is intrigued as to what caused the Tower to lean and how it was stabilized.