The second essay investigates the loss performance of the Federal Crop Insurance program. Historically, government insurance programs tend to be ineffective at segregating risks, leading to markets that are inefficient. In the case of the Federal Crop Insurance program, rates are set non-competitively. This study develops a spatial econometric model of loss experience and finds evidence of geographic misratings. The results also suggest that substantial actuarial cross-subsidization is resulting from the apparent rating inequities, which has a variety of welfare implications.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine further the factors that influence farmers0́9 decisions to participate in crop insurance programs. The factors considered are RMA rules and farmers0́9 yield perceptions. In particular, the first paper examined the role of Risk Management Agency0́9s (RMA) APH calculation rules on the performance, participation, and risk protection level of actual producer history (APH) insurance. The second and third papers examined the presence of behavioral biases, such as miscalibration and better-than-average (BTA) effect in farmers0́9 perceptions, and related these biases to the participation. Examination of RMA rules that omit trend and sample size variability revealed that the current rules create a significant lag in yields, leading to the lower protection levels under APH yields. Results from the second and third papers showed presence of the BTA effect in directly elicited yields while revealing no such relationship for yield elicited under probabilistic framework. However, the econometric results showed no relationship between subjective yields and crop insurance purchase, suggesting that the BTA effect could be due to the elicitation format.

This paper discusses the impact of the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the financial sector. It highlights the benefits these technologies bring in terms of financial deepening and efficiency, while raising concerns about its potential in widening the digital divide between advanced and developing economies. The paper advances the discussion on the impact of this technology by distilling and categorizing the unique risks that it could pose to the integrity and stability of the financial system, policy challenges, and potential regulatory approaches. The evolving nature of this technology and its application in finance means that the full extent of its strengths and weaknesses is yet to be fully understood. Given the risk of unexpected pitfalls, countries will need to strengthen prudential oversight.

Trust is a pervasive catalyst of human and business relationships that has inspired interest in researchers and practitioners alike. It has been shown to enhance engagement, communication, organizational performance, and online activities. Despite its role to cultivate cooperation, knowledge-sharing, and innovation, trust through digital means or even trust in digital media has presented new opportunities and challenges in society. Examples include a wider and faster dissemination of trust-influencing messages, and richer options of digital cues that engage, disrupt, or even transform how trust is formulated. Despite that, trust helps people to live through risky and uncertain situations, and the many capabilities enabled on the digital platforms have made the formation and sustaining of trust very different compared to traditional means. Trust in today’s digital environment plays an important role and is intertwined with concepts including reliability, quality, and privacy. This book aims to bring together the theory and practice of trust in the new digital era and will present theoretical and practical foundations. Trust is not given; we must work to build it, but it is a very fragile and intangible asset once built. It is easy to destroy and challenging to rebuild. Researchers, academics, and students in the fields of management, responsibility, and business ethics will gain knowledge on trust and related concepts, learn about the theoretical underpinnings of trust and how it sustains itself through digital dissemination, and explore empirically validated practice regarding trust and its related concepts.