A long and close review of proven basics overlooked in the field of nuclear physics, together with the many confirmed discoveries of the past several decades, has now revealed, 1. how the strong force of attraction profile is developed by the proton and neutron, and cause of its relatively short range, 2. the make-up of the quark and gluon of the proton and neutron, 3. the actual form and operation of the proton and neutron and their necessary interactions, and why they have been so difficult to identify, 4. how the four forces, although all comprised of the same and smallest (Planck’s length) force, can be so different in profile, function, magnitude and distance of interaction, 5. the precise interactions of the electron with its proton and neutron, 6. how and why the 2s thru 7s orbitals develop their spherical nodes wherein electrons are virtually absent, 7. why the stronger neutron is dependent on its proton for longevity, and how it is accomplished, 8. where the electron’s point of rest for its mass of 9.109 382 93 x 10 -31 kg is, when it has a path of uncertainty throughout its orbital, 9. how the neutron acquires its neutral charge , and 10. how the attributes of matter transform from all the attributes of energy. The ten above listed questions are a few of the main questions of long standing disclosed in this first 2012 publication. Several other topics, such as the variety of orbital constructs, and the interacting force of gravity will publish later this year. We expect, and anxiously look forward to others discovering more than is presented herein.

A long and close review of proven basics overlooked in the field of nuclear physics, together with the many confirmed discoveries of the past several decades, has now revealed, 1. how the strong force of attraction profile is developed by the proton and neutron, and cause of its relatively short range, 2. the make-up of the quark and gluon of the proton and neutron, 3. the actual form and operation of the proton and neutron and their necessary interactions, and why they have been so difficult to identify, 4. how the four forces, although all comprised of the same and smallest (Planck’s length) force, can be so different in profile, function, magnitude and distance of interaction, 5. the precise interactions of the electron with its proton and neutron, 6. how and why the 2s thru 7s orbitals develop their spherical nodes wherein electrons are virtually absent, 7. why the stronger neutron is dependent on its proton for longevity, and how it is accomplished, 8. where the electron’s point of rest for its mass of 9.109 382 93 x 10 -31 kg is, when it has a path of uncertainty throughout its orbital, 9. how the neutron acquires its neutral charge , and 1 0. how the attributes of matter transform from all the attributes of energy. The ten above listed questions are a few of the main questions of long standing disclosed in this first 2012 publication. Several other topics, such as the variety of orbital constructs, and the interacting force of gravity will publish later this year. We expect, and anxiously look forward to others discovering more than is presented herein.

Understanding of protons and neutrons, or "nucleons"â€"the building blocks of atomic nucleiâ€"has advanced dramatically, both theoretically and experimentally, in the past half century. A central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons governed by the theory of their interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between protons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics. With deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter, scientists are poised to reach a deeper picture of these building blocks, and atomic nuclei themselves, as collective many-body systems with new emergent behavior. The development of a U.S. domestic electron-ion collider (EIC) facility has the potential to answer questions that are central to completing an understanding of atoms and integral to the agenda of nuclear physics today. This study assesses the merits and significance of the science that could be addressed by an EIC, and its importance to nuclear physics in particular and to the physical sciences in general. It evaluates the significance of the science that would be enabled by the construction of an EIC, its benefits to U.S. leadership in nuclear physics, and the benefits to other fields of science of a U.S.-based EIC.

Dramatic progress has been made in all branches of physics since the National Research Council's 1986 decadal survey of the field. The Physics in a New Era series explores these advances and looks ahead to future goals. The series includes assessments of the major subfields and reports on several smaller subfields, and preparation has begun on an overview volume on the unity of physics, its relationships to other fields, and its contributions to national needs. Nuclear Physics is the latest volume of the series. The book describes current activity in understanding nuclear structure and symmetries, the behavior of matter at extreme densities, the role of nuclear physics in astrophysics and cosmology, and the instrumentation and facilities used by the field. It makes recommendations on the resources needed for experimental and theoretical advances in the coming decade.

The principal goals of the study were to articulate the scientific rationale and objectives of the field and then to take a long-term strategic view of U.S. nuclear science in the global context for setting future directions for the field. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter provides a long-term assessment of an outlook for nuclear physics. The first phase of the report articulates the scientific rationale and objectives of the field, while the second phase provides a global context for the field and its long-term priorities and proposes a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond. In the second phase of the study, also developing a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond, the committee carefully considered the balance between universities and government facilities in terms of research and workforce development and the role of international collaborations in leveraging future investments. Nuclear physics today is a diverse field, encompassing research that spans dimensions from a tiny fraction of the volume of the individual particles (neutrons and protons) in the atomic nucleus to the enormous scales of astrophysical objects in the cosmos. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter explains the research objectives, which include the desire not only to better understand the nature of matter interacting at the nuclear level, but also to describe the state of the universe that existed at the big bang. This report explains how the universe can now be studied in the most advanced colliding-beam accelerators, where strong forces are the dominant interactions, as well as the nature of neutrinos.

Advances made by physicists in understanding matter, space, and time and by astronomers in understanding the universe as a whole have closely intertwined the question being asked about the universe at its two extremesâ€"the very large and the very small. This report identifies 11 key questions that have a good chance to be answered in the next decade. It urges that a new research strategy be created that brings to bear the techniques of both astronomy and sub-atomic physics in a cross-disciplinary way to address these questions. The report presents seven recommendations to facilitate the necessary research and development coordination. These recommendations identify key priorities for future scientific projects critical for realizing these scientific opportunities.