This update to a classic reference text provides practising engineers and scientists with accurate thermophysical property data for cryogenic fluids. The equations for fifteen important cryogenic fluids are presented in a basic format, accompanied by pressure-enthalpy and temperature-entropy charts and tables of thermodynamic properties. It begins with a chapter introducing the thermodynamic relations and functional forms for equations of state, and goes on to describe the requirements for thermodynamic property formulations, needed for the complete definition of the thermodynamic properties of a fluid. The core of the book comprises extensive data tables and charts for the most commonly-encountered cryogenic fluids. This new edition sees significant updates to the data presented for air, argon, carbon monoxide, deuterium, ethane, helium, hydrogen, krypton, nitrogen and xenon. The book supports and complements NIST’s REFPROP - an interactive database and tool for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of cryogenic fluids.

The revised second edition of this practical book reviews the fundamentals of cryogenic liquid behaviour in small and large scale storage systems. The text is based on research findings on the convective and evaporative behaviour of cryogenic fluids, aimed at improving the design, construction and operation of low-loss cryogenic liquid storage systems, with a view to minimising cost and improving operational safety. Since the first edition was published in 2006, the breadth of cryogenic applications and the modelling of cryogenic fluid dynamics (CFD) have expanded in several directions. In this second edition, most chapters have been extended to introduce discussions of these new applications and their safety and energy economy. These include advances in the modelling of CFD required in, for example, the design of miniature cryocoolers and condensers and reboilers, large-scale cryogenic liquid mixture properties and their stability, and the understanding that hazards and safety problems in the public domain increase with the scaling up of cryogenic systems. With helpful summaries at the end of each chapter, the book is an essential reference for anyone working on the design and operation of cryogenic liquid storage and transportation systems.

At least 10 years have elapsed since a comprehensive monograph concer ned with the broad subject of cryogenics has been published. During this time a considerable quantity of research and development has been carried out in the field of cryogenics. Furthermore, there has been a certain degree of redirection of effort within the field, mostly driven by the variety of new applications, ranging from superconductive magnet systems to micro electronics. Greater emphasis is now being placed on low-temperature cryogenics, particularly that of liquid helium. Until now cryogenic books have provided a broad survey of materials and fluid properties over the entire cryogenic regime, T ::5 150 K. This approach does not allow sufficient detail in any particular area to bring the reader to the current level of understanding in the subject. In addition, the behavior of helium has been lumped with that of other cryogenic fluids, although the properties of helium are quite unique. As a result, a clear relationship has not been established between the fundamental understanding of helium fluids and their potential applications. The present book has been written to fill this void. The approach is to survey the field of cryogenics, specifically as it pertains to helium fluids. This approach is more specialized than that contained in previous cryogenics books. Furthermore, the level of treatment is more advanced and a certain knowledge of fundamental engineering and physics principles has been assumed.

This book is prepared on various sections of cryogenics: properties of cryogenic products and solid bodies at low temperatures, methods of internal cooling, heat transfer at low temperatures, gas liquefaction and separation, micro-cryogenic systems, storage and transport of cryogenic fluids, and cryogenic systems for scientific research and development. Contents: Properties of Cryogenic Products and their use, Helium Properties Superfluidity, Properties of Solid Bodies at Low Temperatures, Classification of Cryogenic Systems, Thermomechanical Processes of Internal Cooling: Throttling and Expanding, Thermomechanical Processes of Internal Cooling: Exhaust, Vapor Pump-out, Desorption, Low Literature Thermodynamics Cycles, Electromagnetic Methods of Cooling, Cooling Methods Based on Specific Properties of Helium Isotopes, Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures, Gas Liquefaction and Separation Systems, Microcryogenic Systems, Liquid and Solid-state Microcryogenic Systems, Storage and Transportation of Cryogenic Fluids, Processes in Cryogenic Vessels, Cryogenic Systems for Scientific Research.