The gripping, entertaining, and vividly-told narrative of a radical discovery that sent shockwaves through the scientific community and forever changed the way we understand the world. Werner Heisenberg’s “uncertainty principle” challenged centuries of scientific understanding, placed him in direct opposition to Albert Einstein, and put Niels Bohr in the middle of one of the most heated debates in scientific history. Heisenberg’s theorem stated that there were physical limits to what we could know about sub-atomic particles; this “uncertainty” would have shocking implications. In a riveting and lively account, David Lindley captures this critical episode and explains one of the most important scientific discoveries in history, which has since transcended the boundaries of science and influenced everything from literary theory to television.

An advanced-level textbook of physical chemistry for the graduate (B.Sc) and postgraduate (M.Sc) students of Indian and foreign universities. This book is a part of four volume series, entitled "A Textbook of Physical Chemistry – Volume I, II, III, IV". CONTENTS: Chapter 1. Quantum Mechanics – I: Postulates of quantum mechanics; Derivation of Schrodinger wave equation; Max-Born interpretation of wave functions; The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical operators and their commutation relations; Hermitian operators (elementary ideas, quantum mechanical operator for linear momentum, angular momentum and energy as Hermition operator); The average value of the square of Hermitian operators; Commuting operators and uncertainty principle(x & p; E & t); Schrodinger wave equation for a particle in one dimensional box; Evaluation of average position, average momentum and determination of uncertainty in position and momentum and hence Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Pictorial representation of the wave equation of a particle in one dimensional box and its influence on the kinetic energy of the particle in each successive quantum level; Lowest energy of the particle. Chapter 2. Thermodynamics – I: Brief resume of first and second Law of thermodynamics; Entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes; Variation of entropy with temperature, pressure and volume; Entropy concept as a measure of unavailable energy and criteria for the spontaneity of reaction; Free energy, enthalpy functions and their significance, criteria for spontaneity of a process; Partial molar quantities (free energy, volume, heat concept); Gibb’s-Duhem equation. Chapter 3. Chemical Dynamics – I: Effect of temperature on reaction rates; Rate law for opposing reactions of Ist order and IInd order; Rate law for consecutive & parallel reactions of Ist order reactions; Collision theory of reaction rates and its limitations; Steric factor; Activated complex theory; Ionic reactions: single and double sphere models; Influence of solvent and ionic strength; The comparison of collision and activated complex theory. Chapter 4. Electrochemistry – I: Ion-Ion Interactions: The Debye-Huckel theory of ion- ion interactions; Potential and excess charge density as a function of distance from the central ion; Debye Huckel reciprocal length; Ionic cloud and its contribution to the total potential; Debye - Huckel limiting law of activity coefficients and its limitations; Ion-size effect on potential; Ion-size parameter and the theoretical mean-activity coefficient in the case of ionic clouds with finite-sized ions; Debye - Huckel-Onsager treatment for aqueous solutions and its limitations; Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory for non-aqueous solutions; The solvent effect on the mobality at infinite dilution; Equivalent conductivity (Λ) vs. concentration c 1/2 as a function of the solvent; Effect of ion association upon conductivity (Debye- Huckel - Bjerrum equation). Chapter 5. Quantum Mechanics – II: Schrodinger wave equation for a particle in a three dimensional box; The concept of degeneracy among energy levels for a particle in three dimensional box; Schrodinger wave equation for a linear harmonic oscillator & its solution by polynomial method; Zero point energy of a particle possessing harmonic motion and its consequence; Schrodinger wave equation for three dimensional Rigid rotator; Energy of rigid rotator; Space quantization; Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom, separation of variable in polar spherical coordinates and its solution; Principle, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers and the magnitude of their values; Probability distribution function; Radial distribution function; Shape of atomic orbitals (s,p & d). Chapter 6. Thermodynamics – II: Classius-Clayperon equation; Law of mass action and its thermodynamic derivation; Third law of thermodynamics (Nernest heat theorem, determination of absolute entropy, unattainability of absolute zero) and its limitation; Phase diagram for two completely miscible components systems; Eutectic systems, Calculation of eutectic point; Systems forming solid compounds Ax By with congruent and incongruent melting points; Phase diagram and thermodynamic treatment of solid solutions. Chapter 7. Chemical Dynamics – II: Chain reactions: hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane; Photochemical reactions (hydrogen - bromine & hydrogen -chlorine reactions); General treatment of chain reactions (ortho-para hydrogen conversion and hydrogen - bromine reactions); Apparent activation energy of chain reactions, Chain length; Rice-Herzfeld mechanism of organic molecules decomposition(acetaldehyde); Branching chain reactions and explosions ( H2-O2 reaction); Kinetics of (one intermediate) enzymatic reaction : Michaelis-Menton treatment; Evaluation of Michaelis 's constant for enzyme-substrate binding by Lineweaver-Burk plot and Eadie-Hofstae methods; Competitive and non-competitive inhibition. Chapter 8. Electrochemistry – II: Ion Transport in Solutions: Ionic movement under the influence of an electric field; Mobility of ions; Ionic drift velocity and its relation with current density; Einstein relation between the absolute mobility and diffusion coefficient; The Stokes- Einstein relation; The Nernst -Einstein equation; Walden’s rule; The Rate-process approach to ionic migration; The Rate process equation for equivalent conductivity; Total driving force for ionic transport, Nernst - Planck Flux equation; Ionic drift and diffusion potential; the Onsager phenomenological equations; The basic equation for the diffusion; Planck-Henderson equation for the diffusion potential.

The present book is a collection of variations on a theme which can be summed up as follows: It is impossible for a non-zero function and its Fourier transform to be simultaneously very small. In other words, the approximate equalities x :::::: y and x :::::: fj cannot hold, at the same time and with a high degree of accuracy, unless the functions x and yare identical. Any information gained about x (in the form of a good approximation y) has to be paid for by a corresponding loss of control on x, and vice versa. Such is, roughly speaking, the import of the Uncertainty Principle (or UP for short) referred to in the title ofthis book. That principle has an unmistakable kinship with its namesake in physics - Heisenberg's famous Uncertainty Principle - and may indeed be regarded as providing one of mathematical interpretations for the latter. But we mention these links with Quantum Mechanics and other connections with physics and engineering only for their inspirational value, and hasten to reassure the reader that at no point in this book will he be led beyond the world of purely mathematical facts. Actually, the portion of this world charted in our book is sufficiently vast, even though we confine ourselves to trigonometric Fourier series and integrals (so that "The U. P. in Fourier Analysis" might be a slightly more appropriate title than the one we chose).

In 1932 Norbert Wiener gave a series of lectures on Fourier analysis at the Univer sity of Cambridge. One result of Wiener's visit to Cambridge was his well-known text The Fourier Integral and Certain of its Applications; another was a paper by G. H. Hardy in the 1933 Journalofthe London Mathematical Society. As Hardy says in the introduction to this paper, This note originates from a remark of Prof. N. Wiener, to the effect that "a f and g [= j] cannot both be very small". ... The theo pair of transforms rems which follow give the most precise interpretation possible ofWiener's remark. Hardy's own statement of his results, lightly paraphrased, is as follows, in which f is an integrable function on the real line and f is its Fourier transform: x 2 m If f and j are both 0 (Ix1e- /2) for large x and some m, then each is a finite linear combination ofHermite functions. In particular, if f and j are x2 x 2 2 2 both O(e- / ), then f = j = Ae- / , where A is a constant; and if one x 2 2 is0(e- / ), then both are null.

The Uncertainty Principle in Harmonic Analysis (UP) is a classical, yet rapidly developing, area of modern mathematics. Its first significant results and open problems date back to the work of Norbert Wiener, Andrei Kolmogorov, Mark Krein and Arne Beurling. At present, it encompasses a large part of mathematics, from Fourier analysis, frames and completeness problems for various systems of functions to spectral problems for differential operators and canonical systems. These notes are devoted to the so-called Toeplitz approach to UP which recently brought solutions to some of the long-standing problems posed by the classics. After a short overview of the general area of UP the discussion turns to the outline of the new approach and its results. Among those are solutions to Beurling's Gap Problem in Fourier analysis, the Type Problem on completeness of exponential systems, a problem by Pólya and Levinson on sampling sets for entire functions, Bernstein's problem on uniform polynomial approximation, problems on asymptotics of Fourier integrals and a Toeplitz version of the Beurling-Malliavin theory. One of the main goals of the book is to present new directions for future research opened by the new approach to the experts and young analysts. A co-publication of the AMS and CBMS.

Nobel Laureate discusses quantum theory, uncertainty, wave mechanics, work of Dirac, Schroedinger, Compton, Einstein, others. "An authoritative statement of Heisenberg's views on this aspect of the quantum theory." — Nature.

A clear, plain-English guide to this complex scientific theory String theory is the hottest topic in physics right now, with books on the subject (pro and con) flying out of the stores. String Theory For Dummies offers an accessible introduction to this highly mathematical "theory of everything," which posits ten or more dimensions in an attempt to explain the basic nature of matter and energy. Written for both students and people interested in science, this guide explains concepts, discusses the string theory's hypotheses and predictions, and presents the math in an approachable manner. It features in-depth examples and an easy-to-understand style so that readers can understand this controversial, cutting-edge theory.