The gut microbiome is known to be home to 105 to 106 micro-organisms which are known to be phylogenetically diverse. There is growing evidence that the composition of the gut microbiota plays a large role in the health and well-being of its host. Changes gut microbial populations are associated with the pathogenesis of variety of metabolic, malignant, and inflammatory diseases. Evidence suggests the existence of a `gut-brain axis' as the involving interactions between gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about the involvement of this axis in modulating gut microbial populations in response to drugs of abuse. The present study investigates the effect of 3,4 methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on the gut microbiome of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with MDMA resulted in a rapid compositional shift of the cultivatable bacterial population in the rat cecum. Specifically, the cecal contents of normal MDMA-treated rats yielded a large number of swarming bacteria when cultured on nutrient agar at dilutions suitable for colony counting, whereas organisms with a swarming phenotype were not present at levels detectible in similarly diluted cecal contents from animals that did not receive MDMA. When plated on media containing bile salts, swarming was inhibited, allowing recovery of pure isolates. These isolates were found to be gram-negative rods and non-lactose fermenting rods. Bioinformatic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene from these isolates confirmed then to be members of the genus Proteus

Focuses on the pivotal roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions (together with their involvement in the ageing process of lower (yeast) cells, and higher organisms including plants). This book also discusses the potential applications of dietary-derived antioxidants.

This book discusses the latest scientific evidence related to fever and presents the principles of clinical practice, covering different types of fever and its possible complications. The book adopts a clearly defined, practical and effective approach to the management of fever, helping the clinician improve the care for the febrile child. The reader will learn about the guidelines on antipyretics and their side-effects and differential diagnoses, with problem-setting and solving as a case presentation.The second edition of this well-received book has been fully updated to include exciting new information of the pathogenesis of fever, including functions of interleukin and all the latest guidelines from NICE and Cochrane Library, as well as all the most up-to-date information and guidelines on febrile seizures. This reader-friendly reference on the disorders of body temperature in children covers the entire spectrum of subjects related to fever. It gives an overview of the best treatment options in order to achieve the best results. Containing a core message at the start of each chapter and with and a reader-friendly format this is an indispensable guide for paediatricians, family doctors and other professionals who are regularly consulted because of febrile children.

Liver disease in children is increasing in prevalence, placing a huge burden on healthcare systems and often requiring long-term management. Offering an integrative approach to the science and clinical practice of pediatric hepatology, this is the definitive reference text for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. In the new edition of this authoritative text, chapters have been thoroughly revised in line with major advances in the field, such as recognizing the increased frequency of fatty liver disease, and how genetic testing has the potential to establish earlier diagnoses for a variety of diseases. Disorders covered include cholestasis, metabolic disorders and hepatitis, with their presentation across the spectrum of infancy, childhood and adolescence discussed. The indications and surgical aspects of liver transplant are explained and post-transplant care is described in detail. This is a valuable resource for pediatricians, hepatologists, gastroenterologists and all clinicians involved in the care of children with liver diseases.

During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.

This comprehensive, first-of-its kind title is an indispensable resource for pharmacists looking to learn or improve crucial patient assessment skills relevant to all pharmacy practice settings. Pharmacists’ role as health care practitioners is evolving as they are taking a more active part in primary patient care -- helping patients manage their medications and diseases, providing patient education, and, in some jurisdictions, prescribing and adapting medications. To perform their day-to-day duties, pharmacists are best-served using a framework called the patient care process. This framework involves three steps: patient assessment; care plan development and implementation; and monitoring and follow up. Organized in four parts, this practical book begins with introductory chapters regarding the basics of patient assessment and the patient care process. Part II includes a detailed assessment of common symptoms encountered by pharmacists. Part III discusses assessment of patients with various chronic illnesses. Part IV addresses select specialized topics and assessment considerations. An invaluable contribution to the literature, Patient Assessment in Clinical Pharmacy: A Comprehensive Guide will be of great benefit to pharmacists, regardless of their practice setting, and to pharmacy students as well.