This the first scholarly study of the finances and financiers of the Vatican between 1850 and 1950. Dr Pollard, a leading historian of the papacy, explores the transformation of the Vatican into a major financial power and the part this played in the developement of the modern papacy. Using hitherto unexplored sources, he sheds new light on tensions between the Vatican's engagement with capitalism and the Church's social teaching and conflicts between the Vatican and the Allies during the Second World War and the early Cold War.

Examines developments in the churches of East and West in the Middle Ages. Explores the theological and spiritual currents spreading from Byzantium to the Orthodox Churches of the North. Presents the stories of the native Eastern Churches of Egypt, Ethiopia, Syria, Armenia and Georgia. Includes photos and index.

Robert B. Eno, S.S., held his doctorate in theology from Institute Catholique de Paris. His work in ecumenical and historical studies was widely recognized, and he devoted much research to the focal question of doctrinal authority. He was professor of church history at the Catholic University of America.

The medieval papacy is treated as a historical phenomenon developing and changing in response to changing historical circumstances.