"... The problem is that for centuries we have a system banking based on debt, all our money is backed by government debt. Therefore, we can not extinguish the debt without extinguishing our source of currency. For this reason, cancel the debt issued without reforming the banking system, is an impossibility. As such, the solution is not to discuss the size of the debt, but a reform of the banking system and money ... "

WHAT WALL STREET DOESN'T WANT YOU TO KNOW. Shock waves from one Wall Street scandal after another have completely disillusioned us with our banking system; yet we cannot do without banks. Nearly all money today is simply bank credit. Economies run on it, and it is created when banks make loans. The main flaw in the current model is that private profiteers have acquired control of the credit spigots. They can cut off the flow, direct it to their cronies, and manipulate it for personal gain at the expense of the producing economy. The benefits of bank credit can be maintained while eliminating these flaws, through a system of banks operated as public utilities, serving the public interest and returning their profits to the public. This book looks at the public bank alternative, and shows with examples from around the world and through history that it works admirably well, providing the key to sustained high performance for the economy and well-being for the people.

This book exposes important, often obscured truths about our money system and our economic past and future. Our money is not what we have been led to believe. The creation of money has been "privatized," or taken over by a private money cartel. It is all done by sleight of hand, concealed by economic double-speak. "Web of Debt" unravels the deception and presents a crystal clear picture of the financial abyss towards which we are heading, pointing out all the signposts. Then it explores a workable alternative, one that was tested in colonial America and is grounded in the best of American economic thought, including the writings of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. If you care about financial security, your own or the nation's, you should read this book. Ellen Brown has applied her training as a litigating attorney, researcher and writer to the monetary field, unearthing facts that even the majority of banking and financial experts ignore: ranging from the privatization of money creation, to the Plunge Protection Team, to the Federal Reserve's 'Helicopter Money. Read it; you'll get information you need in order to understand what is going on in our financial markets today. Bernard Lietaer, former European central banker, author of "The Future of Money" and "Of Human Wealth" .

In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.

Foreword by President George W. Bush With contributions from world renowned economists and Nobel prizewinners, The 4% Solution is a blueprint for restoring America’s economic health The United States is reaching a pivotal point in its economic history. Millions of Americans owe more on their homes than they are worth, long-term unemployment is alarmingly high, and the Congressional Budget Office is projecting a sustainable growth rate of only 2.3%—a full percentage point below the average for the past sixty years. Unless a turnaround comes quickly, the United States could be mired in debt for years to come and millions of Americans will be pushed to the sidelines of the economy. The 4% Solution offers clear and unflinching ideas on how to revive America’s economy. It sets a positive economic goal and asks some of the top economic minds on how to achieve it. With a focus on removing government constraints, The 4% Solution defines the policies that will allow Americans to save, invest, and create the jobs that the United States needs. The 4% Solution draws on the best minds in the business, including five Nobel laureates: · Robert E. Lucas, Jr., on the history and future of economic growth · Gary S. Becker on why we need immigrants in order to grow · Edward Prescott on the cost (to growth) of the welfare state · Vernon Smith on why housing leads us into and out of recessions · Myron Scholes on why we need to innovate in order to grow the economy

"Web of Debt" unravels deceptions about the money system and presents a crystal-clear picture of the upcoming financial abyss. The text also explores a workable alternative, one that was tested in colonial America and is grounded in the best of American economic thought, including the writings of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

The banking crisis and recession which started around 2007 and the astronomic amounts of public money used to bail out banks made it obvious that there was something seriously wrong with the banking system. This was very much a repeat of the 1929 crash and subsequent bank failures and recession. One response in the 1930s was the promotion of full reserve or "100% reserve" banking particularly by economists at the University of Chicago. However, full reserve banking while it benefits ordinary households and the economy as a whole does not benefit banks or the politicians funded by banks. That is, as Milton Friedman pointed out, full reserve (FR) tends to be opposed by vested interests. And in the 1930s, the vested interests won. However, the 2007 crisis caused a re-consideration of FR, and this book sets out the arguments for it. One merit of FR is its simplicity. It is certainly simple compared to other attempts at bank reform taking place at the time of writing, e.g. Dodd-Frank in the US or the Vickers proposals in the UK. Essentially FR consists of splitting the banking industry in two. One half is for those who want specific sums of money kept in a totally safe fashion. That money is not safe because of any sort of artificial taxpayer funded subsidy or guarantee, which is how bank accounts are currently made safe. The money is safe because it is INHERENTLY safe: that is, the money is just lodged at the central banks and/or it is invested in short term government debt. The second half offers loans to mortgagors, businesses and so on, but that half is funded just by shares, not by deposits which banks claim to be entirely safe (but which clearly are not entirely safe unless they are backed by artificial taxpayer funded guarantees). One of the many advantages of full reserve is that it is near impossible for the entities or banks making up those two halves to suddenly fail, and thus spark off credit crunches or recessions. Though given poor management, any of those entities can slowly decline, resulting perhaps in a take-over by more competent entities / banks. Also FR banking does not require any sort of subsidy, plus there needn't be any limit the amount of money that any individual can lodge in a totally safe fashion, that limit being £85,000 at the time of writing in the UK. FR results in, 1 less borrowing and lending, 2 a rise in interest rates, and 3 a decline in debts. However, that rise in interest rates would be small compared to the HUGE VARIATIONS in interest rates over the last thirty years or so. Moreover, in the UK, the size of the banking industry relative to GDP is currently about TEN TIMES the 1960s level, and it is unclear what benefits we derive from that bloated banking industry. Thus the slight contraction in the banking industry that would occur under FR would probably do no harm. This book is split into three sections. Section one sets out the basic nature of FR. Section two deals with the very large number of objections which have been made against FR. Most of these objections, even though they are put by so called professional economists, are very silly. No knowledge of economics is needed to rebut them: just common sense. In contrast, some objections are more plausible, though actually flawed. But that is not to say that the ADVOCATES of FR are perfect: section three of the book deals with some popular but flawed arguments put FOR full reserve. A final and interesting characteristic of FR is thus. Under the existing system, the large majority of money in circulation originates with commercial banks, not government or the central bank. In contrast, under FR all money is issued by the central bank. There has actually been a huge rise in the proportion of our money supply originating with central banks as a result of quantitative easing in recent years. That does not seem to have caused big problems.