Hysteria formed a medical category during the seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries. By tracing its transformations, Sabine Arnaud reveals what was at stake in writing the diagnosis and adds to our understanding of how the role and status of medicine became established in society. In the process she uncovers new insights in the history of medicine. Focusing on a period largely ignored by scholarship, she shows that hysteria was not, in fact, first seen as female malady and that discussions of convulsions in a religious context made up only a very small part of writings on hysteria. Widely treated in medical contexts, hysteria was also a common reference in literature, public political debates, and even philosophy. With careful attention to genres and writing strategies, webs of citation, and circulation, Arnaud provides a history of medicine as a history of knowledge in the making, knowledge that did not build linearly but through misinterpretation, creative citation, and strategic deployment.