Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

The Normal Mental Arithmetic: A Thorough and Complete Course by Analysis and Induction is a textbook written by Edward Brooks. This work provides readers with the opportunity to access a textbook that was used in Pennsylvania public schools in the mid-nineteenth century. The focus of Edward Brooks' textbook is to impart the mental skills required for success at arithmetic on public school students. In the introduction, the author criticizes the state of arithmetic teaching, stating that the methods current as of this text's publication were focused too much on formulas and not enough on developing mental skills. Thus, the focus of The Normal Mental Arithmetic is to teach students to use their ingenuity to solve mathematical problems. The book is structured as most textbooks are, with the text divided into lessons, each of which either presents a new topic or builds on a previously discussed topic. The majority of the work is a series of sample questions to be posed to students, with little in the way of explanation. Unlike many textbooks, the correct responses are not included anywhere in the book. The Normal Mental Arithmetic is not a candidate to be used in the classroom today. Modern teaching methods and textbooks have evolved far beyond those of the nineteenth century, and this book is good evidence of that development. The book is thus valuable to those interested in examining the history of educational methods and practices, and anybody else keenly interested in nineteenth century textbooks. The Normal Mental Arithmetic poses arithmetic problems that can still serve as good practice for the mathematic learner, however other facets of this text make it less suited for use in today's classroom. If you are a reader seeking to examine a nineteenth century textbook, Edward Brooks' work is a good example of one that was used in public schools throughout Pennsylvania. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1873 Excerpt: ...made came from Guinea in Africa. 8. The symbols, s., d., and gr. are the Initials of the Latin words libra, toftdt/j, denarius, and quadrans, signifying pounds, shillings, penny, and quarter. 1. How many farthings in 2 pence? in 3? in 5? in 6?. in 8? in 10? 2. How many pence in 8 farthings? in 2? in 20? in 28? in 30? 3. How many pence in 2 shillings? in 4? in 5? in 6? in 10? 4. How many shillings in 24 pence? in 48? in 72? in %? in 150? 5. What part of 2 pence is 6 farthings, and what part of 3 shillings is 5 pence? 6. What part of 16 pence is J of a shilling, and what part of a guinea is f of a pound? LESSON II. Measures of Weight. MEASURES OP WEIGHT are measures used to determine the force by which bodies are drawn toward the earth by gravity. Measures of weight are of three kinds: Troy Weight, Apothecaries' Weight, and Avoirdupois Weight. Troy Weight. Troy Weight is used for weighing gold, silver, precious stones, and in philosophical experiments. TABLE. 24 grains (gr.).... equal 1 pennyweight, . pwt. 20 pennyweights... " 1 ounce, .... oz. 12 ounces "1 pound, .... ft. 1. The term Troy is said to be derived from Tr&yes, the name of a town In France, where the weight was first used in Europe. The symbol (oz.) is from the Spanish word onza, for ounces, and (/(.) from libra, a pound. 2. Diamonds are weighed by carats and parts of carats. A carat equals 4 Troy grains. The purity of gold is also expressed in carats--a carat meaning fa part. Avoirdupois Weight. Avoirdupois Weight is used for weighing everything except jewels and the precious metals. Table. 16 drams (dr.).... equal 1 ounce, .... oz. 16 ounces "1 pound, .... Ib. 25 pounds "1 quarter, .... qr. 4 quarters "1 hundred weight, cwt. 20 hundred weight.. " 1 ton, T. 1. ...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.