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This volume argues that by focusing on British and American backgrounds, readers have underestimated the impact of Asia and "the East" on American novelist and short story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne's (1804-1864) writing. The central force in Hawthorne's intellectual development was New England Puritanism. It fascinated even when it sometimes repelled him. It exercised a pull on his imagination which a lifetime of varied experience did not loosen. The author recreates Hawthorne's heritage and examine his readings in material dealing with the East; he examines three of Hawthorne's "early tales" that were all written before 1830; and he looks at Hawthorne's "The Story Teller", the two-volume book of sketches and tales Hawthorne unsuccessfully tried to publish in 1834 and issued piecemeal thereafter in periodicals as annuals. The author also evaluates the role of the Eastern world in Hawthorne's view of Romance and studies some of Hawthorne's "remarkable" heroines -- Beatrice Rapaccini, Hester, Zenobia, and Miriam in particular. The author maintains that the Puritan element in Hawthorne's ancestry has been overstressed and that insufficient attention has been paid to the equally important travel-adventure-exploration aspect of Hawthorne's heritage and craft.

With its roots in Romanticism, antiquarianism, and the primacy of the imagination, the Gothic genre originated in the 18th century, flourished in the 19th, and continues to thrive today. This reference is designed to accommodate the critical and bibliographical needs of a broad spectrum of users, from scholars seeking critical assistance to general readers wanting an introduction to the Gothic, its abundant criticism, and the present state of Gothic Studies. The volume includes alphabetically arranged entries on more than 50 Gothic writers from Horace Walpole to Stephen King. Entries for Russian, Japanese, French, and German writers give an international scope to the book, while the focus on English and American literature shows the dynamic nature of Gothicism today. Each of the entries is devoted to a particular author or group of authors whose works exhibit Gothic elements, beginning with a primary bibliography of works by the writer, including modern editions. This section is followed by a critical essay, which examines the author's use of Gothic themes, the author's place in the Gothic tradition, and the critical reception of the author's works. The entries close with selected, annotated bibliographies of scholarly studies. The volume concludes with a timeline and a bibliography of the most important broad scholarly works on the Gothic.

The collected contemporary reviews of Hawthorne; assembled, edited and introduced for the serious scholar.