Relevant. Challenging. A paradigm shift. Little considered by insiders who control Leonardo’s modern biography, the now barely considered Zoroastro Masino was an Italian man with a Persian name ( زَرَادُشْت ). He was an actual historical person – recorded as a magician, a metallurgist, a discoverer, an alchemist, and a prophet, in contemporary record. Marginalized by xenophobic forces even before he passed away, Zoroastro was mocked for a name common people in Italy could not pronounce. Zoroastro's epitaph called him a man of probity, a natural philosopher who was outstandingly generous. He was known to have been friends with high ranking Italians, his bones preserved in a tomb in Rome wedged between a well-known Italian poet and a Greek scholar. Then his sepulcher was destroyed in the 17th century and his entire literary legacy appears to have been stolen. This book brings to light proposed lost Zoroastro writings, including a missing treatise on anatomy, undoubtedly plagiarised by a Swiss physician in the sixteenth century, a book on games and magic, wrongly ascribed to Luca Pacioli and published under a pretentious Latin title De viribus quantitatis, and a book of personal philosophy, which the nineteenth-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche misappropriated and published as his own work, Thus Spake Zarathustra. A further anonymously published poem, Antiquarie prospettiche romane is also reinterpreted. There are the Notebooks, long attributed to the Tuscan painter Leonardo da Vinci, yet discovered in the late-nineteenth century to be full of Eastern wonders and tales of exotic travels in the Middle East. Were some of these also Zoroastro's? The lost papers of Zoroastro follows two previous titles by the same author, Leonardo: the making and breaking of a myth and The Stolen Notebooks: Leonardo da Vinci and the man from the East.

This book recovers the lives of four men masked behind one legend. Reinterpreting recently rediscovered documents shows a Tuscan artist Leonardo da Vinci was banished from Florence around 1477, when at the same moment another Leonardo arrived from the East, an Ottoman agent from Genoese Caffa in the Black Sea. This Leonardo was a military engineer, who began writing technical notes backward in a flourishing Italian script. In Florence, around 1500, he met the alchemist and polymath Zoroastro, who collaborated in producing the scientific Notebooks. However, by the mid-sixteenth century, all memory of Zoroastro had been erased, and the two Leonardos had been conflated into one identity. Crucially, an archived document, rediscovered around 2021, proved that the Tuscan painter Leonardo da Vinci died in 1499. This information leads to the recovery of the artist who really painted the Mona Lisa, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio.

Delving into reasons biographers assume Tuscan painter Leonardo da Vinci wrote the Notebooks, hunting down sources and original texts, South African art historian Susan Grundy uncovers it was only Leonardo’s young heir Milanese Francesco Melzi who said these were the artist's Notebooks. In the nineteenth century European scholars began to access these Notebooks in more depth, transcribing the arcane backwards Italian and translating them into English. They discovered a man who did not seem to be Tuscan Leoanrdo da Vinci, as he seemed to be a man from the East. Yet, this reality was closed down by researchers determined to continue with the myth of the self-educated genius from a farm in Tuscany.

A brief survey of what Leonardo anti-theory is, why it exists, who writes it, and what purpose it can play in the future of Leonardo research..

Light Against Darkness is comprised of articles that put on display the power and pervasiveness of dualistic thought. Dualism has proved a potent cultural tool for clarifying and ordering reality. Particularly in times of social stress and psychological insecurity, it can offer a valuable conceptual grid that provides orientation to the world and a clear sense of identity. At the same time, though, there are important questions to be asked about the social effects of binary thinking. As history amply illustrates, dualistic notions can readily be deployed to legitimate cultural demonization and to rationalize violence. At a deeper level, a dualist worldview can also obscure the possibilities to be found in multiplicity.The articles in this volume treat Dualism across a wide historical spectrum and from multiple methodological perspectives. The studies are organized around the religious and cultural contexts of Ancient Judaism and they include contributions from leading voices on ancient Persia, Israel, Greece, and Egypt.Experts on modern religious and philosophical thought not only lend context to concepts applied to the ancient world, but engage recent European and American experiments in binary thought. All of the studies contribute to a richer and more complete portrait of dualism in ancient Judaism.