The Law of Large Numbers deals with three types of law of large numbers according to the following convergences: stochastic, mean, and convergence with probability 1. The book also investigates the rate of convergence and the laws of the iterated logarithm. It reviews measure theory, probability theory, stochastic processes, ergodic theory, orthogonal series, Huber spaces, Banach spaces, as well as the special concepts and general theorems of the laws of large numbers. The text discusses the laws of large numbers of different classes of stochastic processes, such as independent random variables, orthogonal random variables, stationary sequences, symmetrically dependent random variables and their generalizations, and also Markov chains. It presents other laws of large numbers for subsequences of sequences of random variables, including some general laws of large numbers which are not related to any concrete class of stochastic processes. The text cites applications of the theorems, as in numbers theory, statistics, and information theory. The text is suitable for mathematicians, economists, scientists, statisticians, or researchers involved with the probability and relative frequency of large numbers.

This classic introduction to probability theory for beginning graduate students covers laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, random walks, martingales, Markov chains, ergodic theorems, and Brownian motion. It is a comprehensive treatment concentrating on the results that are the most useful for applications. Its philosophy is that the best way to learn probability is to see it in action, so there are 200 examples and 450 problems. The fourth edition begins with a short chapter on measure theory to orient readers new to the subject.

An integrated package of powerful probabilistic tools and key applications in modern mathematical data science.

Since the publication of the first edition of this seminar book, the theory and applications of extremes and rare events have seen increasing interest. Laws of Small Numbers gives a mathematically oriented development of the theory of rare events underlying various applications. The new edition incorporates numerous new results on about 130 additional pages. Part II, added in the second edition, discusses recent developments in multivariate extreme value theory.

In The Improbability Principle, the renowned statistician David J. Hand argues that extraordinarily rare events are anything but. In fact, they're commonplace. Not only that, we should all expect to experience a miracle roughly once every month. But Hand is no believer in superstitions, prophecies, or the paranormal. His definition of "miracle" is thoroughly rational. No mystical or supernatural explanation is necessary to understand why someone is lucky enough to win the lottery twice, or is destined to be hit by lightning three times and still survive. All we need, Hand argues, is a firm grounding in a powerful set of laws: the laws of inevitability, of truly large numbers, of selection, of the probability lever, and of near enough. Together, these constitute Hand's groundbreaking Improbability Principle. And together, they explain why we should not be so surprised to bump into a friend in a foreign country, or to come across the same unfamiliar word four times in one day. Hand wrestles with seemingly less explicable questions as well: what the Bible and Shakespeare have in common, why financial crashes are par for the course, and why lightning does strike the same place (and the same person) twice. Along the way, he teaches us how to use the Improbability Principle in our own lives—including how to cash in at a casino and how to recognize when a medicine is truly effective. An irresistible adventure into the laws behind "chance" moments and a trusty guide for understanding the world and universe we live in, The Improbability Principle will transform how you think about serendipity and luck, whether it's in the world of business and finance or you're merely sitting in your backyard, tossing a ball into the air and wondering where it will land.