This is a book about the law's failure as a system of empirical inquiry. While the US Supreme Court repeatedly says that the aim of a trial is to find out the truth about a crime, there is abundant evidence that many of the rules of evidence and legal procedure are not truth-conducive. Quite the contrary; many are truth-thwarting. Relevant evidence of defendant's guilt is often excluded; reasonable inferences from the available evidence are likewise often excluded. When a defendant elects not to testify, jurors are told to draw no inculpatory inferences from the former's refusal to be questioned. If evidence of prior crimes committed by the defendant is admitted (and often it is excluded), jurors are strictly told to use them only for deciding whether the defendant lied during his testimony and not as evidence of his guilt. Making matters worse, the most important evidence rule of all (saying that defendant can be convicted only if there are no reasonable doubts about his guilt) is monumentally vague; and judges are under firm instruction to decline jurors' frequent requests to explain what a 'reasonable doubt' is. Lastly, this book examines the fact that American courts collect little information about how often they convict the innocent and no information about how often they acquit the guilty. This is tragic because ignorance of the error rates in trials and in plea bargains means that citizens have no grounds for confidence in the judicial system; such a condition of non-transparency should be unacceptable in a democracy. Reform is urgent and this book sketches some of the necessary changes.

Written by the Harvard Law School Alumni who created LSATMax, the #1-ranked LSAT app (search "LSATMax" in the Apple App Store and/or Google Play Store), 33 Common LSAT Flaws is an LSAT prep book specifically designed to help students master one of the most important, and most challenging, Logical Reasoning concepts: identifying specific flaws within arguments. This study guide is simple, thorough, and highly effective in boosting learners' LSAT scores. Understanding flaws and logical fallacies won't just help test-takers answer Error in Reasoning (Flaw) questions. The secret of the LSAT is . . . it's all about flawed arguments. Whether Strengthening, Weakening, or looking for a Sufficient Assumption, throughout the Logical Reasoning section, students are expected to identify logical flaws and understand how they function within arguments. The good news is, there are a limited number of logical fallacies that show up over and over again on the LSAT. 33 of them, to be precise, falling within just 12 Flaw Families. Any student sufficiently dedicated to raising their score can learn to identify all 33. 33 Common LSAT Flaws includes . . . (1) Concise and actionable introductions to all 12 families of LSAT fallacies (2) How to identify all 33 common LSAT flaws (3) Real examples from the LSAT of each common flaw (4) Thorough explanations for each sample Logical Reasoning question written by our 99th percentile instructors that identify (1) the question type, whether the stimulus is an (2) argument or set of facts and whether the argument is (3) valid or flawed, provide a (4) summary of the stimulus and (5) strategy overview, (6) anticipate the correct answer, (7) explain the correct and incorrect answer choices and provide a (8) key takeaway that you can apply to future Logical Reasoning questions. Please note, however, that the LSAT is no longer a paper/pencil exam in North America. Now, every LSAT in North America (United States & Canada) is administered digitally on a Microsoft Surface Go Tablet. Tablets will be provided to test takers at the test center. On the digital LSAT, both the content and the structure of the test sections and the questions will be the same as the paper-and-pencil LSAT. But in addition, the digital LSAT will include new features such as a timer with a five-minute warning, highlighting, and flagging to keep track of questions that you may want to revisit in a section. While this is undoubtedly the biggest change in history of the LSAT, tablet-based digital LSATs are nothing new for LSATMax. We are the pioneers of mobile LSAT prep and we have been offering full-length, officially licensed LSATs on both iPads and Android tablets since 2012. So you can rest assured that our 5-star rated app will allow you to simulate the new tablet-based digital LSAT experience to a t. All LSATMax's instructors and private LSAT tutors were not naturals but were able to score in the 99th percentile (172+) on an officially administered LSAT. A couple of them have even scored a perfect 180 score. Here are some LSATMax student success stories: "The tutorials from LSATMax helped me get my 99th percentile score! I would watch the explanatory videos while riding the bus and found them engaging enough to keep my attention, allowing me to work on drills when I was at home. It was great to have the videos at my fingertips at all times so that I could study any time I had a moment." - Anita Yandle (Student at Columbia Law School)

A must-read for anyone who makes business decisions that have a major financial impact. As the recent collapse on Wall Street shows, we are often ill-equipped to deal with uncertainty and risk. Yet every day we base our personal and business plans on uncertainties, whether they be next month’s sales, next year’s costs, or tomorrow’s stock price. In The Flaw of Averages, Sam Savageknown for his creative exposition of difficult subjects describes common avoidable mistakes in assessing risk in the face of uncertainty. Along the way, he shows why plans based on average assumptions are wrong, on average, in areas as diverse as healthcare, accounting, the War on Terror, and climate change. In his chapter on Sex and the Central Limit Theorem, he bravely grasps the literary third rail of gender differences. Instead of statistical jargon, Savage presents complex concepts in plain English. In addition, a tightly integrated web site contains numerous animations and simulations to further connect the seat of the reader’s intellect to the seat of their pants. The Flaw of Averages typically results when someone plugs a single number into a spreadsheet to represent an uncertain future quantity. Savage finishes the book with a discussion of the emerging field of Probability Management, which cures this problem though a new technology that can pack thousands of numbers into a single spreadsheet cell. Praise for The Flaw of Averages “Statistical uncertainties are pervasive in decisions we make every day in business, government, and our personal lives. Sam Savage’s lively and engaging book gives any interested reader the insight and the tools to deal effectively with those uncertainties. I highly recommend The Flaw of Averages.” —William J. Perry, Former U.S. Secretary of Defense “Enterprise analysis under uncertainty has long been an academic ideal. . . . In this profound and entertaining book, Professor Savage shows how to make all this practical, practicable, and comprehensible.” —Harry Markowitz, Nobel Laureate in Economics

When used in conjunction with corporations, the term public is misleading. Anyone can purchase shares of stock, but public corporations themselves are uninhibited by a sense of societal obligation or strict public oversight. In fact, managers of most large firms are prohibited by law from taking into account the interests of the public in de...

Since the beginning of the Obama Administration, conservative politicians have railed against the President's "War on Coal." As evidence of this supposed siege, they point to a series of rules issued by the Environmental Protection Agency that aim to slash air pollution from the nation's power sector . Because coal produces far more pollution than any other major energy source, these rules are expected to further reduce its already shrinking share of the electricity market in favor of cleaner options like natural gas and solar power. But the EPA's policies are hardly the "unprecedented regulatory assault " that opponents make them out to be. Instead, they are merely the latest chapter in a multi-decade struggle to overcome a tragic flaw in our nation's most important environmental law. In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which had the remarkably ambitious goal of eliminating essentially all air pollution that posed a threat to public health or welfare. But there was a problem: for some of the most common pollutants, Congress empowered the EPA to set emission limits only for newly constructed industrial facilities, most notably power plants. Existing plants, by contrast, would be largely exempt from direct federal regulation-a regulatory practice known as "grandfathering." What lawmakers didn't anticipate was that imposing costly requirements on new plants while giving existing ones a pass would simply encourage those old plants to stay in business much longer than originally planned. Since 1970, the core problems of U.S. environmental policy have flowed inexorably from the smokestacks of these coal-fired clunkers, which continue to pollute at far higher rates than their younger peers. In Struggling for Air, Richard L. Revesz and Jack Lienke chronicle the political compromises that gave rise to grandfathering, its deadly consequences, and the repeated attempts-by presidential administrations of both parties-to make things right.

"The American lawsuit is riddled with needless complexity. This book proposes fifty changes-that decide cases promptly-more on the facts than the law-more for the parties than the lawyers-more for the consequences to the people and the public-and in words we can all understand"--

DIVThe story of the revolutionary science that is unraveling the mysteries of mad cow and other fatal brain diseases/div