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Texts written in Latin, Greek and other languages provide ancient historians with their primary evidence, but the role of language as a source for understanding the ancient world is often overlooked. Language played a key role in state-formation and the spread of Christianity, the construction of ethnicity, and negotiating positions of social status and group membership. Language could reinforce social norms and shed light on taboos. This book presents an accessible account of ways in which linguistic evidence can illuminate topics such as imperialism, ethnicity, social mobility, religion, gender and sexuality in the ancient world, without assuming the reader has any knowledge of Greek or Latin, or of linguistic jargon. It describes the rise of Greek and Latin at the expense of other languages spoken around the Mediterranean and details the social meanings of different styles, and the attitudes of ancient speakers towards linguistic differences.

Preliminary Material /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE FIRST CONTACT WITH GREEK GRAMMAR /C. H. M. Versteegh -- ARTICULATED SOUND AND ITS MEANING /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE THEORY OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE UṢŪL AN-NAḤW AND GREEK EMPIRICIST MEDICINE /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE PERIOD OF THE TWO SCHOOLS /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK LOGIC /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE USE OF LOGIC IN GRAMMAR /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE MU'TAZILA /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE ORIGIN OF SPEECH /C. H. M. Versteegh -- THE STOIC COMPONENT IN THE THEORY OF MEANING /C. H. M. Versteegh -- DIAGRAM OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ARABIC GRAMMARIANS /C. H. M. Versteegh -- LIST OF ABBREVIATED TITLES /C. H. M. Versteegh -- ARABIC AUTHORS QUOTED /C. H. M. Versteegh -- ORIGINALS OF THE ARABIC AND GREEK TEXTS QUOTED IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION /C. H. M. Versteegh -- INDEXES /C. H. M. Versteegh.

The authoritative guide to using the English language effectively, from “the greatest writer on grammar and usage that this country has ever produced” (David Yerkes, Columbia University). The author of The Chicago Manual of Style’s popular “Grammar and Usage” chapter, Bryan A. Garner is renowned for explaining the vagaries of English with absolute precision and utmost clarity. With The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, he has written the definitive guide for writers who want their prose to be both memorable and correct. Garner describes standard literary English—the forms that mark writers and speakers as educated users of the language. He also offers historical context for understanding the development of these forms. The section on grammar explains how the canonical parts of speech came to be identified, while the section on syntax covers the nuances of sentence patterns as well as both traditional sentence diagramming and transformational grammar. The usage section provides an unprecedented trove of empirical evidence in the form of Google Ngrams, diagrams that illustrate the changing prevalence of specific terms over decades and even centuries of English literature. Garner also treats punctuation and word formation, and concludes the book with an exhaustive glossary of grammatical terms and a bibliography of suggested further reading and references. The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation is a magisterial work, the culmination of Garner’s lifelong study of the English language. The result is a landmark resource that will offer clear guidelines to students, writers, and editors alike. “[A manual] for those of us laboring to produce expository prose: nonfiction books, journalistic articles, memorandums, business letters. The conservatism of his advice pushes you to consider audience and occasion, so that you will understand when to follow convention and when you can safely break it.”—John E. McIntyre, Baltimore Sun