The authors of the chapters included in this volume provide preliminary answers to questions such as: How extensive were COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons, jails, and community corrections systems globally? Which regions and countries reported the largest outbreaks? Why were prisons and jails found to be "hot spots" for the spread of COVID-19 in most countries? How did governments initially respond to COVID-19 outbreaks in their corrections systems? Did the mitigation strategies used in each country reduce the spread of the infection in the corrections system (both in prisons and jails, and in community corrections)? Did the corrections-focused mitigation strategies used in each country have a positive or an adverse impact on public health and public safety? How likely is it that the varied short-term mitigation strategies implemented by governments will result in long-term changes in corrections policies and practices? The book includes three chapters examining the global impact of the COVID-19 outbreaks, six regional overviews, and 27 country-specific reviews, including reviews targeting 21 of the 50 largest prison systems globally. This collection will be an excellent resource for researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and the general public interested in knowing more about the nature and extent of COVID-19 outbreaks in corrections systems globally, and about the diversity of responses developed and implemented by governments from each global region. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal Victims & Offenders.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy presents the results of a worldwide exchange of information on the impact of COVID-19 in prisons. It also focuses on the human rights questions that have been raised during the pandemic, relating to the treatment of prisoners in institutions for both juveniles and adults worldwide. The first part brings together the findings and conclusions of leading prison academics and practitioners, presenting national reports with information on the prison system, prison population rates, how COVID-19 was and is managed in prisons, and its impact on living conditions inside prisons and on reintegration programmes. Forty-four countries are covered – many in Europe, but also Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Perú, Costa Rica, Canada, the USA, Kenya, South Africa, China, India, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the second part, thematic chapters concentrate explicitly on the impact of the pandemic on the application of international human rights standards in prisons and on worldwide prison population rates. The book concludes by drawing out the commonalities and diverging practices between jurisdictions, discussing the impact of measures introduced and reflecting on what could be learnt from policies that emerged during the pandemic. Particular attention is paid to whether "reductionist" strategies that emerged during the pandemic can be used to counteract mass incarceration and prison overcrowding in the future. Although the book reflects the situation until mid 2021, after the second and during the third wave of the pandemic, it is highly relevant to the current situation, as the living conditions in prisons did not change significantly during the following waves, which showed high infection rates (in particular in the general population), but increased vaccination rates, too. In prisons, problems the pandemic raises have an even greater impact than for the general society. Revealing many notable and interesting changes in prison life and in release programmes, this book is essential reading for students and scholars of penology, criminology, law, sociology and public health. It will also appeal to criminal justice practitioners and policy makers.

Abstract: Due to overcrowding, prisons are a high-risk environment for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. While the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of thousands around the world, prisons have been affected at a higher rate. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, only one study examined the firsthand experience of incarcerated individuals. Many studies now address the challenges posed by the pandemic in correctional institutions such as reported outbreaks and deaths due to COVID-19. To fully understand the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the incarcerated population, further research is required. This study describes the experiences of the incarcerated through the perspectives of their families, individuals released during the pandemic, and correctional staff members. Based on semi-structured interviews with 11 participants, the results revealed that inmates face multiple challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Routledge Handbook on Global Community Corrections assesses and analyzes the status of community corrections systems around the world, highlighting inter-regional and intra-regional variations in their design, implementation, and impact on policy and practice. Covering both probation and parole, this handbook brings together leading international experts to examine the myriad of systems developed under the broad heading of community corrections to manage community corrections populations at the pre-adjudication, adjudication, and post-release stages. Chapters are designed to consider the following questions: How many offenders are placed in community corrections systems around the globe? What are the key design features of these community corrections systems? What do we know about the effectiveness of community corrections within and across global regions? This is an essential reference text for all those engaged with community corrections, probation, and post-release policy in criminal justice.

The conditions and characteristics of correctional facilities - overcrowded with rapid population turnover, often in old and poorly ventilated structures, a spatially concentrated pattern of releases and admissions in low-income communities of color, and a health care system that is siloed from community public health - accelerates transmission of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19. Such conditions increase the risk of coming into contact with the virus for incarcerated people, correctional staff, and their families and communities. Relative to the general public, moreover, incarcerated individuals have a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions such as asthma, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, making them susceptible to complications should they become infected. Indeed, cumulative COVID-19 case rates among incarcerated people and correctional staff have grown steadily higher than case rates in the general population. Decarcerating Correctional Facilities during COVID-19 offers guidance on efforts to decarcerate, or reduce the incarcerated population, as a response to COIVD-19 pandemic. This report examines best practices for implementing decarceration as a response to the pandemic and the conditions that support safe and successful reentry of those decarcerated.

Providing a global perspective on police adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic, this book explores the extent of police organizational and operational changes in a number of countries as diverse as Brazil, China, South Africa, South Korea, the Philippines, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Bringing together a range of international experts, this book reflects on the changes in the broader social environment during the pandemic, examining the contours of police operational and organizational changes across several countries, analyzes the police enforcement of the government COVID-19 rules and regulations, explores the factors related to the COVID-19 effects on police officer wellness and safety, and studies police administrator, police officer, and citizen views about the potential consequences of organizational and operational changes on the interpersonal relations within police agencies and police–community partnerships. Policing During the COVID-19 Pandemic is essential reading for scholars and practitioners interested in exploring the police organizational adaptations, particularly in the times of emergencies, and the societal, cultural, and legal impacts of such adaptations. Sanja Kutnjak Ivković is Professor at the School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, USA. She is the Co-Editor of Policing: An International Journal. She is past Chair of the Division of International Criminology, American Society of Criminology, and past Chair of the International Division, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Her co-authored and co-edited books on policing include: Exploring Contemporary Police Challenges, Police Code of Silence in the Times of Change, Police Integrity in South Africa, Exploring Police Integrity, Police Integrity across the World, Enhancing Police Integrity, Fallen Blue Knights, and The Contours of Police Integrity. Marijana Kotlaja is Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA. She is involved in evaluation research projects with many organizations, specifically focused on crime and place, and juvenile delinquency. She has led multiple international data collection efforts and has extensive knowledge of advanced quantitative methodology, including structural equation modeling, Bayesian analysis, and hierarchical linear models. She is the Secretary/Treasurer of the Division of International Criminology (American Society of Criminology), as well as the Editor of Around the Globe for the Criminologist. Jon Maskály is Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of North Dakota, USA. He won (with co-authors) the 2016 William L. Simon Outstanding Paper award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. His primary research interests revolve around issues in policing, notably police–community relations, police integrity, and police accountability. He has worked as a subject matter expert in several police reform projects around the nation. He has secured multiple contracts with police organizations to enhance their ability to make data-driven decisions. Peter Neyroud is Associate Professor in Evidence-Based Policing in the Jerry Lee Centre for Experimental Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK. He is the General Editor of the Oxford Journal Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. He set up and ran the UK National Policing Improvement Agency. He was commissioned by the UK Home Secretary to carry out a fundamental “Review of Police Leadership and Training,” which led to the establishment of the National “College of Policing.” He is the Co-Chair of the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Coordinating Group.

Financial crime is a trillion-dollar industry that is likely to continue to grow exponentially unless new strategies of prevention and control can be developed. This book covers a wide range of topics related to financial crime commission, victimization, prevention, and control. The chapters included in this book closely examine cyber-victimization in their investigation of online fraud schemes that have resulted in new categories of crime victims as the result of identity theft, romance fraud schemes, phishing, ransomware, and other technology-enabled online fraud strategies. This book also offers new strategies for both financial crime prevention and financial crime control designed to reduce both offending and victimization. It will be a great resource for researchers and students of Criminology, Sociology, Law, and Information Technology. The chapters in this book were originally published in the journal Victims & Offenders.