This book suggests a new theory on the origins and Urheimat of the Turks within the context of Central Eurasia and, more properly, the South Urals, by exploring the relations of the Turkic language with the Altaic, Uralic and Indo-European languages and by referring to historical, genetic and archaeological sources. The book shows that the elements that started the making of the Turkic ethno-linguistic entity were also shared by the regions where the later Hungarians would emerge, and that the consolidation of their identity seems to be related to the emergence and rise of the Sintashta culture. It argues that the fertile lands and suitable climatic conditions, together with the coming of agriculture likely at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, allowed them to increase their population.

What were the antecedents and beginnings of modern political ideas among the Turks? Dr. Mardin seeks to describe the conditions which produced these ideas, among them the influence of the Enlightenment, the changes in the fabric of Turkish society, the combination of the traditionalist Ottoman world-view with a modern Western outlook. How a modern intelligentsia was formed in the Ottoman Empire, first by the Patriotic Alliance, then under the banner of the Young Ottoman Society, is the theme of this work. Serif Mardin, who has been a research fellow at Harvard and Princeton, has returned to Tukrey for further research and teaching. Princeton Oriental Studies, 21. Originally published in 1962. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

. Preface. . . Preface to the Original Edition. . . Acknowledgments. . I. Introduction. 3. II. The Young Ottomans. 10. III. The Islamic Intellectual Heritage of the Young Ottomans. 81. IV. Turkish Political Elites in the Nineteenth Century. 107. V. The Young Ottomans and the Ottoman Past. 133. VI. Sadik Rifat Pasa: the Introduction of New Ideas at the Governmental Level. 169. VII. The Immediate Institutional and Intellectual Antecedents of the Young Ottomans. 196. VIII. Sinasi: the Birth of Public Opinion. 252. IX. Mustafa Fazil Pasa: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Liberalism. 276. X. Namik Kemal: the Synthesis. 283. XI. Ziya Pasa: Philosophical Insecurity. 337. XII. Ali Suavi: the Zealot. 360. XIII. Hayreddin Pasa: the Attempt to Compromise. 385. XIV. Conclusions. 396. . Bibliography. 409. . Index. 441.

The book represents an innovation in the field of translations from ancient cuneiform tablets. It has been proven that all translations before us only demonstrate distortions and lack of substance in the texts. Due to a lack of knowledge of the original language, researchers tend to show bias towards Greek mythologies, where there is no concept of time, space of actions, or the dwelling place of beings. All of them are imaginary gods or groups of gods and goddesses residing in an unknown infinity of the Universe. 90 percent of the translated texts are related to their names. The language of the cuneiform script is ancient Turkic. The Truth can only be revealed when reading them in this language. Ancient humans engraved their thoughts and life realities into clay tablets. There is no tablet outside the reality of human life. They contain verses dedicated to the hard work of humans, fields requiring plowing, droughts, water shortages, crops, spring, garden prosperity. There is the grief of a son for the loss of his mother, astronomy, volcanic eruptions, horse disease (sapa), and methods of its treatment. There is the longing of a poetess who found herself in a foreign land and dreams of her homeland, among many others...

This book will completely transform the standard interpretation of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, a watershed event in the late Ottoman Empire and a key to the emergence of the modern nation-states in the Middle East and Balkans. Preparation for a Revolution is the first book on the Young Turk Revolution to draw on both the extensive memoirs and papers of the Young Turks and on the extensive diplomatic archives around the world. The author has plumbed not only the Ottoman Archives but collected documents from archives in Bonn, Berlin, Jerusalem, London, Paris, Rome, Athens, Sofia, Tirana, Bern, Geneva, Sarajevo, Cairo, Stockholm, and Tokyo. Breaking new ground, Hanioglu describes in detail how practical considerations led the Young Turks to sacrifice or alter many of their goals for social transformation. He tells a story rich in character and plot, and reveals the many factions and competing intellectual trends that marked this tumultuous period at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Preparation for a Revolution will prove indispensable to anyone working on the political, intellectual, and social history of the Ottoman Empire and of the states that were established on its ruins.

This illustrated textbook covers the full history of the Ottoman Empire, from its genesis to its dissolution.

Who are the Turks? This study spans Central Asia, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, & Europe, to explain the origins & the history of the Turkish people up until the present day.