The Essential Oils BY ERNEST GUENTHER, PH. D. Vice President and Technical Director Frib che Brothers, Inc., New York, N. Y. VOLUME ONE HISTORY ORIGIN IN PLANTS PRODUCTION ANALYSIS 1948 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC. TORONTO NEW YORK LONDON NEW YORK D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3 TORONTO D. Van Nostrand Company, Canada, Ltd., 228 Bloor Street, Toronto 8 LONDON Macmillan Company, Ltd., St. Martins Street, London, W. C. 2 Copyright, 1048 BY D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved This book, or any parts thereof, may not be, reproduced in any form without written n r mission from the author and the publishers. The use in this volume of certain portions of the text of the United States Pharma copoeia, Thirteenth Revision, is by virtue of permission received from the Board of Trustees of the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. The said Board of Trustees is not responsible for any inaccuracy of quotation nor for any errors in the statement of quantities or percentage strengths., Permission has been received to quote from the Official and Tentative Methods of A nalysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Permission to use for comment parts of the te t of the National Formulary, Eighth Edition, in this volume has l ccn granted by the committee on publications by authority of the council of the American Pharmaceutical Association 1 PRINTED IX THK UNITED STATES OF AMEHICA BY LANCASTER PRE88, INC., LANCASTER, PA. Dedicated to MR. FREDERICK II. LEONHARDT, President of Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., whose vision and generosity made this work possible AUTHORS OF CHAPTERS ERNEST GUENTHER, Ph. D. Vice President and Technical Director of FritzscheBrothers, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. J. HAAGEN-SMIT, Ph. D. Professor, Bio-organic Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. EDWARD E. LANGENAU, B. S. Director of Analytical Laboratories, Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., New York, N. Y. GEORGE URDANG, Ph. G., D. Sc. Xat., Sc. D. Director, American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin. PREFACE The industry and science of essential oils have undergone within the last two decades more changes than could have been anticipated by those writers who, during the 1920 s, contributed so valuably to our knowledge of this field. It is, therefore, no derogation of the works of Gildemeister and Hoffmann, Parry, Finnemore, and others, to state that the time is past due for bringing the whole subject up-to-date. This is the authors motive for the present treatise on the production, chemistry, analysis and appli cation of these interesting and important products. It seems particularly fitting that this work be published in the United States, which, as the largest user of essential oils, lias the most vital concern in the progress and ex pansion of the essential oil industry. Within the last ten years and largely as a result of World War II there have taken place fundamental developments within the field, especially with respect to new sources of supply in the Western Hemisphere. It has been the authors rare privilege to witness most of these developments at first hand. His travels for more than twenty years have taken him the length and breadth of Europe, through Africa, Asia, Australia, into the new producing centers of North, Central and South America in all of which places he surveyed the production of essentialoils at their source. The original purpose of this systematic survey was to snpply Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., of New York, the essential oil industry in general, and Gov ernment agencies with exhaustive data on the production of essential oils. In the course of this work the author collected countless samples of authen tic oils, produced under his supervision and of guaranteed purity...

This interesting book contains a wealth of information on the subject of essential oils, and will make an excellent addition to the bookshelf of anyone with an interest in the subject Contents include: The Development of the Essential Oil Industry; The Chemistry Origin and Function of Essential Oils In Plant Life; The Production of Essential Oils: Methods of Distillation, Enfleurage, Maceration and Extraction with Volatile Solvents; The Examination and Analysis of Essential Oils, Synthetics and Isolates; Use of Essential Oils; Storage of Essential Oils; Tables of Boiling Points of Isolates and Synthetics at Reduced Pressure; Conversion Tables.

Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese scrolls, and Ayurvedic literature record physicians administering aromatic oils to their patients. Today society looks to science to document health choices and the oils do not disappoint. The growing body of evidence of their efficacy for more than just scenting a room underscores the need for production standards, quality control parameters for raw materials and finished products, and well-defined Good Manufacturing Practices. Edited by two renowned experts, the Handbook of Essential Oils covers all aspects of essential oils from chemistry, pharmacology, and biological activity, to production and trade, to uses and regulation. Bringing together significant research and market profiles, this comprehensive handbook provides a much-needed compilation of information related to the development, use, and marketing of essential oils, including their chemistry and biochemistry. A select group of authoritative experts explores the historical, biological, regulatory, and microbial aspects. This reference also covers sources, production, analysis, storage, and transport of oils as well as aromatherapy, pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. It includes discussions of biological activity testing, results of antimicrobial and antioxidant tests, and penetration-enhancing activities useful in drug delivery. New information on essential oils may lead to an increased understanding of their multidimensional uses and better, more ecologically friendly production methods. Reflecting the immense developments in scientific knowledge available on essential oils, this book brings multidisciplinary coverage of essential oils into one all-inclusive resource.

This new two-volume book categorically provides detailed information on highly demanded and medicinally important plants and their natural habits and habitats, taxonomy, cultivation practices, essential oils, active ingredients, biomolecules, modes of action, drug development, and value additions for marketing purpose. Examples of such plants include Achillea spp. (yarrow), Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Ocimum spp. (basil), Dioscorea spp., Eucalyptus spp., Commiphora spp. (guggul), Kaempferia galanga (aromatic ginger), and Lavandula spp. (lavender). Many others are included in the volume as well. With contributions from international experts, these two volumes present chapters that detail the history of these major medicinal and aromatic plants and also report on systematic botany, advanced production and propagation technologies, plant nutrition, moisture management, intercultivation, plant protection, postharvest technology, processing-value addition, and marketing trade. Further, the book presents promising low-cost and ecofriendly plant products and biomolecules, which are free from side-effects for use as pharmaceuticals and herbal drugs. The most ancient form of medical therapies involving herbs has been neglected for a few decades back and has regained enormous popularity because of the effectiveness and fewer hazardous properties of many medicinal and aromatic plants. Nature has all sorts of protective medicinal compounds within its huge bioresources, which are still being identified for beneficial health purposes. Herbs containing aromatic properties because of their essential oils also have medicinal uses apart from being used as dependable sources of natural fragrance for cosmetics, perfumery, and food industries competing with synthetic aroma chemicals. These volumes will be an excellent and comprehensive compendium for academicians and professionals working in plant resources. The compilation will also be valuable for students, researchers, medical practitioners, farmers, entrepreneurs, traders, industrialists, and NGOs who are involved in research and development and production and pharmaceutics of medicinally important plants.

This book highlights the advances in essential oil research, from the plant physiology perspective to large-scale production, including bioanalytical methods and industrial applications. The book is divided into 4 sections. The first one is focused on essential oil composition and why plants produce these compounds that have been used by humans since ancient times. Part 2 presents an update on the use of essential oils in various areas, including food and pharma industries as well as agriculture. In part 3 readers will find new trends in bioanalytical methods. Lastly, part 4 presents a number of approaches to increase essential oil production, such as in vitro and hairy root culture, metabolic engineering and biotechnology. Altogether, this volume offers a comprehensive look at what researchers have been doing over the last years to better understand these compounds and how to explore them for the benefit of the society.