Scientific Essay from the year 2022 in the subject History - Africa, language: English, abstract: The German protectorate officially ended in 1919 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and it introduced the period of the French mandate in Cameroon. Like all other traditional structures, the local political authorities Bamoun and Duala will also face the undue transformations of this regime change.

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2023 in the subject History of Europe - Colonialism, grade: Très Honorable, University of Douala (Political Science), course: Histoire des institutions et des faits sociaux du Cameroun, language: English, abstract: From 1884 to 1916, the traditional powers Duala and Bamum were subject to the influence of the German colonial administration. This was manifested in the profound restructuring of their political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. In this perspective, we went further by demonstrating that the German colonial administration has also undergone significant changes as a result of their exchanges with Sultan NJOYA and Duala chiefs. We have also being interested in this socio-political phenomenon under the theme: "The German colonial administration and the traditional powers Duala and Bamum: Analysis of Cameroon’s political history". The interest of our work demands that the degree of mutual influence between the German colonial administration and the traditional political powers Duala and Bamum be gradually shown. This work proposes to analyze the dynamics and the logics of implantation and domination that the German colonial administration had on these two traditional political entities. Moreover, this same German colonial administration had to adapt to the local realities of the traditional Duala and Bamum political powers. It is on this basis that our work was built in two parts. The first part is entitled: "The domination of the German colonial administration over the traditional political powers of Duala and Bamum" and the second part is entitled: "The relative influence of the traditional political powers of Bamum and Duala on the German colonial administration".

Scientific Essay from the year 2022 in the subject History - Africa, language: English, abstract: From 1884 to 1916, the traditional political powers Bamoun and Douala were subjected to the influence of the German colonial administration. This has been demonstrated by the profound restructuring of their political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. In this perspective, we went further by demonstrating that the German colonial administration has also undergone significant changes due to their exchanges with Sultan NJOYA and the Duala chiefs. We also took an interest in this socio-political phenomenon under the theme: The German colonial administration and the traditional political powers Duala and Bamoun: Analysis of the political history of Cameroon . The interest of our work demands that the degree of mutual influence between the German colonial administrators and the traditional political powers Duala and Bamoun be shown gradually. This work proposes to analyze the dynamics and the logics of implantation and domination that the German colonial administration had on these two traditional political entities. Moreover, the German colonial administration had to adapt to the local realities of the traditional political powers Duala and Bamoun. To illustrate this work, the use of a double methodological approach was imperative: the historical approach will allow us to trace the German colonial period in Cameroon, but also through diachrony and synchrony, to appreciate the influence that German colonization had on the traditional societies Duala and Bamoun. The comparative approach will aim to highlight how the German settlers came into contact with the traditional chiefdoms raised, and how the latter participated positively or negatively in the expansion of this conquest. Second, it will allow us to ask ourselves where is the relevance of such openness for the transformation and evolution of these traditional societies over time. Finally, whether all the

Re-assesses Germany's relationship with the wider world before 1914 by examining the connections between nationalism, transnationalism, imperialism and globalization.

How do governments in Africa make decisions about language? What does language have to do with state-building, and what impact might it have on democracy? This manuscript provides a longue durée explanation for policies toward language in Africa, taking the reader through colonial, independence, and contemporary periods. It explains the growing trend toward the use of multiple languages in education as a result of new opportunities and incentives. The opportunities incorporate ideational relationships with former colonizers as well as the work of language NGOs on the ground. The incentives relate to the current requirements of democratic institutions, and the strategies leaders devise to win elections within these constraints. By contrasting the environment faced by African leaders with that faced by European state-builders, it explains the weakness of education and limited spread of standard languages on the continent. The work combines constructivist understanding about changing preferences with realist insights about the strategies leaders employ to maintain power.