Although many economists believe that there is a negative correlation between trade barriers and economic growth, the issue is far from resolved. There are other studies that have obtained mixed results on the effect of trade barriers on growth. Such results could be due to model misspecification, erroneous methodology or country and world specific conditions. This paper investigates the impact of trade barriers under certain country specific conditions to help determine if such mixed results are at least partially due to different conditions in different countries. The country specific conditions to be investigated are market size, availability of export credits and technological spillovers due to trade. Chapter 1 "The Case of Large vs. Small Economies", investigates whether market size has any impact on how trade barriers affect economic growth. The focus of this chapter is a theory proposed by Grabowski (1994). In his theory he states that for import substitution strategy to be successful the domestic economy should be large enough to generate and sustain demand for the protected sector. This chapter attempts to test this theory empirically. Chapter 2 "The Case of Export Credits", looks at the impact of trade barriers on economic growth in the presence of export credits. Since export credits are extended by the developed countries to the developing ones to promote exports from the former to the latter, this may change the way trade restrictions affect economic growth in developing countries. This chapter attempts to find out if this is in fact the case. Chapter 3 "Do Potential Technological Spillovers Matter for How Trade Restrictions Affect Economic Growth?" focuses on the impact of technological spillovers on economic growth due to trade. Certain factors that contribute to technological spillovers are considered and their impact on how trade barriers affect growth is investigated.

Introduction to Business covers the scope and sequence of most introductory business courses. The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of business concepts, with attention to the knowledge and skills necessary for student success in this course and beyond. This is an adaptation of Introduction to Business by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Globalization, Growth and Sustainability focuses on the implications of both regional and global trade liberalization and complementary macroeconomics policy reforms on growth, equity, and sustainability. The volume is organized into three sections: Part One addresses the issue of economic growth with a special reference to less developed economies; Part Two examines the pros and cons of the regional economic integration movement for the countries either participating in, or outside of, the regional groups; Part Three focuses on the issues of equity and sustainability. Globalization, Growth and Sustainability will provide valuable insights and important background analysis for scholars working in the field of globalization, as well as senior undergraduate and graduate students in a variety of curricula, including economics, development studies, and international studies.

Why have countries increasingly restricted immigration even when they have opened their markets to foreign competition through trade or allowed their firms to move jobs overseas? In Trading Barriers, Margaret Peters argues that the increased ability of firms to produce anywhere in the world combined with growing international competition due to lowered trade barriers has led to greater limits on immigration. Peters explains that businesses relying on low-skill labor have been the major proponents of greater openness to immigrants. Immigration helps lower costs, making these businesses more competitive at home and abroad. However, increased international competition, due to lower trade barriers and greater economic development in the developing world, has led many businesses in wealthy countries to close or move overseas. Productivity increases have allowed those firms that have chosen to remain behind to do more with fewer workers. Together, these changes in the international economy have sapped the crucial business support necessary for more open immigration policies at home, empowered anti-immigrant groups, and spurred greater controls on migration. Debunking the commonly held belief that domestic social concerns are the deciding factor in determining immigration policy, Trading Barriers demonstrates the important and influential role played by international trade and capital movements.

We study the macroeconomic consequences of tariffs. We estimate impulse response functions from local projections using a panel of annual data that spans 151 countries over 1963-2014. We find that tariff increases lead, in the medium term, to economically and statistically significant declines in domestic output and productivity. Tariff increases also result in more unemployment, higher inequality, and real exchange rate appreciation, but only small effects on the trade balance. The effects on output and productivity tend to be magnified when tariffs rise during expansions, for advanced economies, and when tariffs go up, not down. Our results are robust to a large number of perturbations to our methodology, and we complement our analysis with industry-level data.

As the rise in international trade has driven this growth, recent decades have seen rapid growth in the world economy. The increase in business is, in turn, the result of both technological developments and concerted efforts to reduce trade barriers. Some developing countries have opened their economies to take all advantage of the opportunities for economic growth through trade, but many still need to. The remaining trade barriers in industrial countries are concentrated in the agricultural products and labor-intensive manufactures in which the developing countries have a more comparative advantage. Further trade liberalization in these areas, mainly by industrial and developing countries, would help the poorest escape from extreme poverty while benefiting the industrial countries.