The EIB performs economic appraisals of the projects it considers for investment. Thereby, it ensures that projects add sufficient value to society to merit support. Beyond considerations of financial profitability to investors, the economic appraisal also addresses the wider value generated by the project to society. This comprises benefits and costs to project final users, the taxpayer and third parties, allowing for all applicable market failures, such as environmental externalities. Since the publication of the first edition of this document in 2013, the EIB has been transformed into the EU Climate Bank. The way it values carbon emissions has been updated, as have various other elements of economic appraisal, in keeping with developments in the specialist literature, policy and practice. This second edition of the document gives the reader an updated view of how economic appraisal is currently conducted at the Bank. It also mentions the areas on which the EIB is currently working to ensure that it is at the forefront of economic appraisal practice.

Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy support enabled firms to survive and transform. Relatively easy access to funding also helped them weather the crisis. Pandemic support has since been pulled back, however, and now firms are grappling with high inflation, instability and tighter credit conditions. These combined pressures are souring firms' outlook. The report provides insight into the state of the European economy and its ability to withstand these crises while also becoming greener and more digital. The analysis is based on the EIB Group's annual Investment Survey, which surveyed 13 000 firms in the European Union from April until July 2022 on their performance, investment, financing issues and challenges. These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report's messages.

This book is a guide to the economic evaluation of transport policies and investment projects through cost-benefit analysis (CBA). It covers the CBA of transportation projects and policies, and introduces the fundamental concepts of CBA before considering their application in real-world settings. A distinct focus of the book is on the practical applications of CBA. It includes real-world examples of CBA, such as high-speed rail investment and the subsidization of air transport, which illustrate the importance of using a rigorous analytical framework to evaluate transport projects and policies. The primary objective of this book is to present a basic model for the evaluation of transport projects and policies, with explicit assumptions and practical evaluation rules derived from it. The rules and measurement criteria derived from this model are applied to the examples mentioned above. Overall, this book is an excellent resource for students, practitioners, and policymakers involved in transport economics and evaluation, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles and applications of CBA in the transport sector.

This is a comprehensive book on infrastructure development and construction management. It is written keeping in mind the curricula of construction management programmes in India and abroad. It covers infrastructure development, the construction industry in India, financial analysis of the real estate industry in India, economic analysis of projects, tendering and bidding, contracts and contract management, FIDIC conditions of contract, construction disputes and claims, arbitration, conciliation and dispute resolution, international construction project exports and identifying, analysing and managing construction project risk. Thus, this book covers most of the construction management activities that are carried out at different stages of a construction project. This is an essential book for students of construction management, construction professionals, academicians and researchers.

Climate change represents an increasing threat to the continued development of the people, preservation of ecosystems, and economic growth of Asia and the Pacific. Mainstreaming climate risk management in all aspects of development is thus key to an effective transition to climate-resilient development pathways. ADB's climate risk management framework aims to reduce risks resulting from climate change to investment projects in Asia and the Pacific. A key step in this framework is the technical and economic valuation of climate-proofing measures. This report describes the conduct of the cost-benefit analysis of climate proofing investment projects. An important message is that the presence of uncertainty about climate change does not invalidate the conduct of the economic analysis of investment projects, nor does it require a new type of economic analysis. However, the presence of uncertainty does require a different type of decision-making process in which technical and economic expertise combine to present decision makers with the best possible information on the economic efficiency of alternative designs of investment projects.

This book uses modern economic tools to obtain general equilibrium cost-benefit rules. It not only presents evaluation rules for small projects but also shows how to evaluate large projects as well as mega projects (such as high speed rails and channel tunnels). This is an excellent toolkit for graduate students and policymakers.

What is the effect of a new infrastructure on the well-being of a local community? Is a tax reform desirable? Does the privatization of a telecommunication provider increase social welfare? To answer these questions governments and their policy advisors should have in mind an operative definition of social welfare, and cannot rely on simple official statistics, such as GDP. The price we observe are often misleading as welfare signals, and costs and benefits for the society should be based on ‘shadow prices’, revealing the social opportunity costs of goods and of changes of the world. This book explains how to apply these welfare economics ideas to the real world. After a theoretical discussion of the concept of social welfare, a critical analysis of the traditional doctrine of welfare economics embodied in the Two Fundamental Theorems, and a presentation of social cost-benefit analysis, the book introduce the readers to an applied framework. This includes the empirical estimation of shadow prices of goods, of the social cost of labour and capital, the assessment of risk. This book also includes the state of the art of international experience with CBA, including ex-post evaluation of major projects, economic rates of return in different sectors, and a case study on privatisation, is presented. This book offers a unique and original blend of theory, empirics and experience. The theoretical discussion clarifies why shadow prices are not virtual market equilibrium prices, as they arise as the solution of a planning problem, often with governments and economic agents constrained in their information and powers. The empirical chapters show how to compute proxies of the shadow prices in simple ways. The experience chapters draw from first hand research, gained by the Author and his collaborators over many years of advisory work for the European Commission and other international and national institutions.