Excerpt from The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations Through the regular action of knowledgeable and re exive actors, patterns of interactions become established as standardized practices in organizations, e.g., ways of manufacturing a product, coordinating a meeting, or evaluating an employee. Over time, habitual use Of such practices eventually become institutionalized, forming the structural properties of organizations. These structural or institutionalized properties (structure) are drawn on by humans in their ongoing interactions (agency), even as such use, in turn, reinforces the institutionalized properties. In this formulation-known as the duality of structure-giddens overcomes the dualism between Objective, structural features of organizations and subjective, knowledgeable action of human agents. When humans act in organizations, they create and recreate three fundamental elements Of social interaction [giddens meaning, power, and norms. While these elements are highly interdependent and not separable in practice, for analytical purposes we can treat them as distinct, examining each from the perspective Of human agency and institutionalized properties. From an agency point Of view, human interaction involves the constitution and communication of meaning. This is achieved via interpretive schemes or stocks of knowledge that humans draw on in their ongoing interaction with the world, which form the core of mutual knowledge whereby an accountable universe of meaning is sustained through and in processes of interaction [giddens The interpretive schemes, however, do more than merely enable shared meanings and hence mediate communication. From the perspective of institutionalized properties, interpretive schemes represent organizational structures of signification, which represent the organizational rules that inform and define interaction. Interpretive schemes are also reinforced or changed through social interaction, as the organizational rules are reaffirmed or challenged through their use by human agents. Thus, in any interaction, shared knowledge is not merely part of the background, but is an integral part of the social encounter, in part organizing it, and in part being shaped by the interaction itself. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."

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An authoritative collection of leading critical and contemporary writings published in the field of technology and organizations. The set spans a 50-year time period taking the reader from the first and most influential papers from the early 1950s through to some recent publications which address contemporary and emerging debates in the field at the dawn of the 21st century. Each of the 4 volumes has a particular focus upon this area of research and scholarship: the early debates; theories, paradigms and concepts; critical empirical studies; and emerging themes and future debates. The editors provide an introduction to, and overview of, the themes, debates, perspectives, theories and paradigms which characterize this area of organization studies, and set out a "route map" to help guide the reader through the four volumes.

This edited book explores the digital challenge for cultural-creative organizations and industries, and its impact on production, meaning-making, consumption and valuation of cultural-creative products and experiences. Discussing digital changes such as user-generated content, social media, business model innovation and product development, the chapters challenge deep-seated definitions of creative individuals, organizations and industries, offering insights into how this creative aspect is argued and legitimized. Placing an emphasis on research that deals with the digital challenge, this collection theorizes its significance for the nature and dynamics of creative industries as well as its impact on the mediation of experiences and the creation and consumption of cultural-creative products.