This book presents scenarios showing numerical results of changes to individual environment/development policies as well as policy packages implemented simultaneously by OECD and developing countries, confirming the need for policy coherence.

This report presents the results of a stocktake of national responses to Sustainable Development Goals 12, 14, and 15, and selected environment-related targets that have a direct relationship with responsible consumption and production, and sustainable marine and terrestrial ecosystems management, by 15 developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. The report was completed under the first phase of a technical assistance project by the Asian Development Bank, with the aim of understanding and helping its developing member countries address the issues and challenges behind effective integration of these goals and targets into national policies, plans, and programs.

ADB, in collaboration with UN Environment, prepared this tool compendium to help developing countries address challenges faced upon the successful implementation of the environmental dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals. The tools presented here can help policy makers gain a better understanding of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) interlinkages, establish horizontal and vertical policy coherence, and select appropriate guidelines, indicators, and institutional arrangements for effective integration into national policies, plans, and programs. This publication reflects the high-level commitment of ADB and UN Environment to support efforts to accelerate progress in implementing the environmental dimensions of the SDGs.

Sustainable development. Environment and development: an overview. Two environmental revolutions. Environmental economics. Reconciling growth and environmental impact. Determining the costs of resource degradation. Offering Incentives for sustainable development. Moving toward Sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development. Economic development and economic growth. Environment and sustainable development. Sustainable development and equity. Intergenerational compensation. Substituting between types of capital. Sustainable development and environmental capital. Economic implications of sustainable development. Firness and time. The rationale for discouting. The choice of discount rate. Debate over discounting from an environmental perpective. Discount rates and specific environmental issues. A sustainability approach. Measuring sustainable development. Evaluation environmental damage and benefits. Resource degradation: causes and policy responses. Population, resources, and environment. Policy failure: princing below private cost. Market failure: social pricing distortions. Planning failure: socialist planning and the environment. Property rights failure and renewable resources. Poverty, income distribution, and environment. International Environmental issues. World markets and natural resource degradation. Transfrontier environmental issues. Managing global resources.