The Conversational Circle offers a model for exploring a range of novels that experiment with narrative patterns. It makes a compelling case that teleological approaches to novel history that privilege the conflict between the individual and society are, quite simply, ahistorical. Twentieth-century historians of the early novel, most prominently Ian Watt, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Terry Castle, have canonized fictions that portray the individual in sustained tension with the social environment. Such fictions privilege a strongly linear structure. Recent reexaminations of the canon, however, have revealed a number of early novels that do not fit this mold. Betty Schellenberg identifies another kind of plot, one that focuses on the social group—the "conversational circle"—as a model that can affirm traditional values but just as often promotes an alternative sense of community. Schellenberg selects a group of mid-eighteenth-century novels that experiment with this alternative plot structure, embodied by the social circle. Both satirical and sentimental, canonical and non-canonical, these novels demonstrate a concern that individualistic desire threatened to destabilize society. Writing that reflects a circular structure emphasizes conversation and consensus over individualism and conquest. As a discourse that highlights negotiation and harmony, conversation privileges the social group over the individual. These fictions of the conversation circle include lesser-known works by canonical authors (Henry Fielding's Amelia and Richards's Sir Charles Grandison as well as his sequel to Pamela), long-neglected novels by women (Sarah Fielding's David Simple and its sequel Volume the Last, and Sarah Scott's Millenium Hall), and Tobias Smollet's last novel, Humphrey Clinker. Because they do not fit the linear model, such works have long been dismissed as ideologically flawed and irrelevant.

Meetings in the round have become the preferred tool for moving individual commitment into group action. This book lays out the structure of circle conversation, based on the original work of the authors who have standardized the essential elements that constitute circle practice.

COMMUNICATION MOVEMENT PROJECT DEBATE, DISCUSSION, OR DIALOGUE? When you are communicating with an individual have you ever wondered if you are engaging in a debate, discussion, or a dialogue? Let’s think about this for a moment if you are having a debate is it really worth all of the emotion and stress to prove your point? If you are having a discussion is the main purpose to seek more information, make a decision, or exchange ideas? If so how would you evaluate that discussion as productive or non-productive? Finally, if you are having a dialogue is the purpose to resolve a problem or actively listen to the individual because you genuinely want to get to know that person? When you engage in a dialogue without judgment it can be a powerful learning experience. So now that you learned the difference between a debate, discussion, and dialogue I challenge you to think about your conversations and set a new goal to actively listen to yourself and others and see if you can identify the type of communication. This exercise can really help you to improve and enhance your communication and experience powerful growth because you chose a different path that will ultimately lead to building stronger relationships and connections with your family, friends, co-workers, and your boss.

"The Psychology and Sociology of Literature" is a collection of 25 chapters on literature by some of the leading psychologists, sociologists, and literary scholars in the field of the empirical study of literature. Contributors include Ziva Ben-Porat, Gerry Cupchik, Art Graesser, Rachel Giora, Norbert Groeben, Colin Martindale, David Miall, Willie van Peer, Kees van Rees, Siegfried Schmidt, Hugo Verdaasdonk, and Rolf Zwaan. Topics include literature and the reading process; the role of poetic language, metaphor, and irony; cathartic and Freudian effects; literature and creativity; the career of the literary author; literature and culture; literature and multicultural society, literature and the mass media; literature and the internet; and literature and history. An introduction by the editors situates the empirical study of literature within an academic context.The chapters are all invited and refereed contributions, collected to honor the scholarship and retirement of professor Elrud Ibsch, of the Free University of Amsterdam. Together they represent the state of the art in the empirical study of literature, a movement in literary studies which aims to produce reliable and valid scientific knowledge about literature as a means of verbal communication in its cultural context. Elrud Ibsch was one of the pioneers in Europe to promote this approach to literature some 25 years ago, and this volume takes stock of what has happened since."The Psychology and Sociology of Literature" presents an invaluable overview of the results, promises, gaps, and needs of the empirical study of literature. It addresses social scientists as well as scholars in the humanities who are interested in literature as discourse.

Schools, which play a fundamental role in the reconstruction of society, have fulfilled their tasks in different ways throughout history. In the last century, there have been great transformations in schooling and teaching, which have led to the emergence of different teaching approaches in different parts of the world. This volume introduces the reader to 10 different teaching approaches: the Emmi Pikler Approach, Montessori Education, the Reggio Emilia Approach, Sudbury Valley Schools, the Jenaplan Education Approach, Waldorf Pedagogy, Freinet Education, the Dalton (Plan) Approach, Schools that Learn, and Democratic Schools. It will appeal primarily to undergraduate and graduate students studying in the field of education, and to researchers working in the field of educational sciences.

This is a concise introduction to the richness and scope of interviewing in social science research, teaching the craft of interview research with practical, hands-on guidance. Incorporating discussion of the wide variety of methods in interview-based research and the different approaches to reading the data, this book will help you to navigate the broad field of qualitative research with confidence and get out there and start collecting your data.

This book focuses on the role of represented speech in four short story collections from fifteenth- and sixteenth-century France: the anonymous Evangiles des quenouilles; Martial d'Auvergne's Arrêts d'Amour; Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron; and Noël Du Fail's Propos rustiques. As a study of the narrative staging of the acts of storytelling and conversing, it raises issues of orality, aurality, and literacy, as well as of the processes of textual production, transmission, and reception. In addition, the conversational frame of these short story collections deliberately sets up questions about the accessibility and reliability of truth. While these collections claim to enter upon the path toward universal truth, the difficulty of such an enterprise is revealed through their very narrative structure, where the polyphony of opposing voices and divergent opinions is engaged by the very acts of conversation and storytelling themselves.