According to the ancient Greeks, nature was composed of four elements: air, fire, water and earth. Engineers are continuously faced with the challenges imposed by those elements, when designing bridges and tall buildings to withstand high winds; constructing fire resistant structures, controlling flood and wave forces; minimizing earthquake damage; prevention and control of landslides and a whole range of other natural forces. Natural disasters occurring in the last few years have highlighted the need to achieve more effective and safer designs against extreme natural forces. At the same time, structural projects have become more challenging. Featuring contributions from the First International Conference on Engineering Nature, this book addresses the problems associated in this field and aims to provide solutions on how to resist extreme natural forces. Topics include: Hurricane, Tornadoes and High Winds; Aerodynamic Forces; Fire Induced Forces; Wave Forces and Tsunamis; Landslides and Avalanches; Earthquakes; Volcanic Activities; Bridges and Tall Buildings; Large Roofs and Communication Structures; Underground Structures; Dams and Embankments; Offshore Structures; Industrial Constructions; Coastal and Maritime Structures; Risk Evaluation; Surveying and Monitoring; Risk Prevention; Remediation and Retrofitting and Safety Based Design.

This book is dedicated to the study of an aeroelastic phenomenon of cable supported long span bridges known as flutter, and proposes very innovative design methodologies, such as sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques, already utilized successfully in automobile and aerospace industries. The topic of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges is currently of great importance. These types of bridge pose great technical difficulties due to their slenderness and often great dimension. Therefore, these bridges tend to have problems caused by natural forces such as wind loads, some of which we have witnessed in our history, and we are currently seeing a very high incidence of bridge construction to overcome geographical obstacles such as bays, straits, or great estuaries. Therefore, it seems very appropriate to write a book showing the current capability of analysis and design, when up until now, the information could only be found partially in technical articles. This book will be useful for bridge design engineers as well as researchers working in the field. This book only requires previous knowledge of structural finite element models and dynamics, and it is advisable to have some previous knowledge in bridge engineering. Nevertheless, this book is very self-contained in such a way that all the information necessary to understand the theoretical developments is presented without the need of additional bibliography.

It is a strongly held belief that population growth and the demand for better accommodation and leisure facilities, combined with a desire to improve the landscape, will result in the need to develop more underground spaces. This phenomenon, which started in countries subjected to extreme climates, is now becoming more widespread. Underground spaces are being utilized for a wide diversity of needs. They range from classical excavations to subway constructions; underground sports halls; power stations; waste repositories; underground cities, and many others. Their construction techniques are also varied, from open-air excavations to newly developed injection methods. The response of the underground structures on the imposed loadings depends on a number of parameters that sometimes are too complex or not fully understood, resulting in budget overruns or even failures that lead to loss of property or life. Such uncertain cases need to be addressed and engineers should be able to accurately predict the construction's performance throughout its construction and service life. The First International Conference on Underground Spaces discusses not only structural and environmental material characterization aspects but also the trends regarding the utilization of underground spaces. This book contains papers presented at the Meeting, and covers a wide range of topics including: Use of underground space for industry; Underground power stations; Toxic and nuclear waste repositories; Energy underground reservoirs; Underground sewerage plants; Waste storage and management; Road and railway tunnels; Utility tunnels; Fire defence; Defence against terrorist attacks.

Engineering design is enhanced by adding optimisation methods. Their influence cannot be over-emphasised. The resulting solutions provide an efficient way of dealing with some of the most difficult challenges in engineering practice today.Containing papers presented at the Tenth International Conference on this successful series on Optimum Design in Engineering, this book examines the recent development in advanced types of structures, particularly those based on new concepts and new types of materials resulting in optimum solutions. Particular emphasis is placed on computational methods to model, control and manage new structural solutions and material types. Featured topics include: Optimisation and Manufacturing; Structural Optimisation; Optimisation in Biomechanics; Shape and Topology Optimisation; Industrial examples of Design Optimisation; Fluid Structure Interaction; Damage and Fracture Mechanics; Composite Materials Optimisation; Optimum behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymers; Aerospace Structures; Applications in Mechanical and car engineering; New Algorithms.

This text examines the interaction between blast pressure and surface or underground structures, whether the blast is from civilian, military, dust and natural explosions, or any other source.

Including the latest developments in design, optimisation, manufacturing and experimentation, this text presents a wide range of topics relating to advanced types of structures, particularly those based on new concepts and new types of materials.

A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the sudden displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean. This book, comprising seven chapters, examines this important topic.