This volume includes the thirteen papers which were presented during the workshop The Reign of Heraclius: Crisis and Confrontation, which took place from 19 to 21 April 2001 at the University of Groningen. The long reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610-641) saw drastic political changes: the conquest of the eastern provinces of the empire by the Persians (603-620), Heraclius' counter-offensive and recovery of these territories (622-628), and the definitive loss of almost the whole Byzantine east in the 630s and early 640s to the Muslim Arabs. Did these historical events cause significant changes in the administrative, political, military and ecclesiastical structures and institutions of the empire? And if so, how did they affect imperial ideology and propaganda and the range of ideas concerning the empire and the emperor which circulated in the different religious communities? In the contributions presented in this book these and other questions are discussed by outstanding scholars of Byzantine history and culture, Eastern Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

This collection includes editions of previously unpublished Greek, Coptic, and Arabic documents, historical and linguistic studies making use of documentary evidence and literary papyri, and an introduction to papyrology and its relevance for the study of early Islamic Egypt.

A sociologist examines the history of Egypt from the pharaohs to the present, shedding light on its cultural deterioration and the dilemmas it faces today. The story of Egypt’s long history is one of gradual descent from a wealthy, organized, sophisticated society to its contemporary milieu of corruption and poverty. For more than four thousand years, it earned the moniker om el donya, mother of the world. But when Cleopatra died, the independent rule of the pharaohs died with her. This seismic event not only transferred power to Rome, but also shattered the foundations of Egyptian society. For the following two millennia, a succession of foreign occupations and despotic rulers undermined Egypt’s national identity. They exported her wealth, imported a new language and culture, and spawned social values that are inimical to the very notion of modernity. Understanding these developments provides one possible route to getting a handle on the social and cultural situation in Egypt today.

With the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri just over a century ago a number of important texts directly relating to ancient Christianity have come to light. While certain literary texts have received considerable attention in scholarship by comparison the documentary evidence relating to Christianity has received far less attention and remains rather obscure. To help redress this imbalance, and to lend some context to the Christian literary materials, this book examines the extant Christian epistolary remains from Oxyrhynchus between the third and seventh centuries CE. Drawing upon this unique corpus of evidence, which until this point has never been collectively nor systematically treated, this book breaks new ground as it employs the letters to consider various questions relating to Christianity in the Oxyrhynchite. Not only does this lucid study fill a void in scholarship, it also gives a number of insights that have larger implications on Christianity in late antiquity.