At the beginning of the 1990's unemployment grew in all industrialized countries: the essays in this collection focus on the causes and cures of this worrying phenomenon. The volume starts by analysing the disparities in the different national experiences and then focusing on European unemployment. This is followed by more theoretical discussions using econometric models. The volume ends with policy recommendations.

'One of the most relentlessly brilliant studies of twentieth-century Britain ... these young historians have found a marvellous theme and stuck to it. Theirs is the glory!' Professor Arthur Marwick, History The 1930s - remembered as the decade of dole queues and hunger marches, mass unemployment, the means test, and the rise of fascism - also saw the development of new industries, the growth of comfortable suburbia, and rising standards of living for many. In Britain in the Depression, the authors look behind the legends for an objective - and timely - reassessment, as Britain again struggles with the economic and spiritual ills of recession and unemployment.

The new look on the history of art and its blind spots, the far-reaching digitization of structures and content, the changing role of museums and art criticism, new forces from influencers to NFTs: Hardly any market system has evolved as profoundly in the last decade as the distribution of art. With 25 years of experience in the art industry, Dirk Boll acts as a continuous chronicler and seasonal commentator of these pervasive developments. His handbook Art and its Market is a reliable source of in-depth knowledge about the inner workings of global art market systems. How do auctions, the network of galleries, and fairs work? How are prices being made, and how do trends both in the production of art as well as its collection emerge? What is more, this edition provides comprehensive information on the practical issues of art acquisition: What are the customs and pitfalls, the economic interdependencies between the artists, buyers and other market players, and the legal regulations governing the trade with art?

Dissatisfied with the explanations of the business cycle provided by the Keynesian, monetarist, New Keynesian, and real business cycle schools, Edmund Phelps has developed from various existing strands-some modern and some classical--a radically different theory to account for the long periods of unemployment that have dogged the economies of the United States and Western Europe since the early 1970s. Phelps sees secular shifts and long swings of the unemployment rate as structural in nature. That is, they are typically the result of movements in the natural rate of unemployment (to which the equilibrium path is always tending) rather than of long-persisting deviations around a natural rate itself impervious to changing structure. What has been lacking is a "structuralist" theory of how the natural rate is disturbed by real demand and supply shocks, foreign and domestic, and the adjustments they set in motion. To study the determination of the natural rate path, Phelps constructs three stylized general equilibrium models, each one built around a distinct kind of asset in which firms invest and which is important for the hiring decision. An element of these models is the modern economics of the labor market whereby firms, in seeking to dampen their employees' propensities to quit and shirk, drive wages above market-clearing levels-the phenomenon of the "incentive wage"--and so generate involuntary unemployment in labor-market equilibrium. Another element is the capital market, where interest rates are disturbed by demand and supply shocks such as shifts in profitability, thrift, productivity, and the rate of technical progress and population increase. A general-equilibrium analysis shows how various real shocks, operating through interest rates upon the demand for employees and through the propensity to quit and shirk upon the incentive wage, act upon the natural rate (and thus equilibrium path). In an econometric and historical section, the new theory of economic activity is submitted to certain empirical tests against global postwar data. In the final section the author draws from the theory some suggestions for government policy measures that would best serve to combat structural slumps.

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the social policy of New Labour. It examines differences between current policy areas and provides topical information on the debate on the future of the welfare state.

Annotation In the next few decades copper will help to consolidate advances in telecommunications and Internet technology. The outlook for copper is bright, and despite the onset of recession in 2000, demand should pick up from 2002-2003 and return to reasonable industrial growth rates in the developed world. World copper prices are predicted to rise due to the dearth of new mining projects in the economic climate of 2001 and steadily rising metal demand led by China. In order to meet increased demand over the next 10 years there will have to be new mining capacity, including recycling of scrap copper and restarting idled capacity. China showed 13.6% growth in demand up to June 2001 and could overtake the US as the world's number one copper consumer in the next 20 years. Up-to-date, in-depth research and analysis to make you an authority on the world's major copper markets this report gives a clear, objective analysis of the world copper industry as it prepares to take advantage of soaring demand in the electronic, electrical and telecommunications industries. Some key findings of this report: How the output of the world's leading copper mines, Escondida, Chuquicamata and el Teniente is set to change over the next few years and what this means for Chilean and world copper production. Beyond 2003 copper demand will flatten in the mature, developed Western countries: this will leave the market delicately poised, and producers will largely be determining their own destinies when deciding when to commit to new projects. In the second half of this decade copper demand should pick up strongly, feeding fears of a shortfall in supply. Peru's copper output is set to be boosted by 50% through the Antamina mining project, owned by the Canadian consortium of Rio Algom, Noranda, Teck Corp and Mitsui. Telecommunications is a large and growing market for copper: the sector has seen factory sales growing at 8.3% compound rate over the past 8 years, led by strong growth in construction along with the increasing popularity of the Internet. Demand from the automotive sector will also boost consumption of copper in electrical and electronic applications. In 2001 the average copper content of a passenger car was 60lb, compared with under 55lb in 1995.