In an unprecedented comparison of two of the most important female authors of the nineteenth century, Azelina Flint foregrounds the influence of the religious communities that shaped Louisa May Alcott’s and Christina Rossetti’s visions of female creativity. In the early stages of the authors’ careers, their artistic developments were associated with their patrilineal connections to two artistic movements that shaped the course of American and British history: the Transcendentalists and Pre-Raphaelites. Flint uncovers the authors’ rejections of the individualistic outlooks of these movements, demonstrating that Alcott and Rossetti affiliated themselves with their mothers and sisters’ religious faith. Applying the methodological framework of women’s mysticism, Flint reveals that Alcott’s and Rossetti’s religious beliefs were shaped by the devotional practices and life-writing texts of their matrilineal communities. Here, the authors’ iconic portrayals of female artists are examined in light of the examples of their mothers and sisters for the first time. Flint recovers a number of unpublished life-writings, including commonplace albums and juvenile newspapers, introducing readers to early versions of the authors’ iconic works. These recovered texts indicate that Alcott and Rossetti portrayed the female artist as a mouthpiece for a wider community of women committed to social justice and divine communion. By drawing attention to the parallels in the authors’ familial affiliations and religious beliefs, Flint recuperates a tradition of nineteenth-century women’s mysticism that departs from the individualistic models of male literary traditions to locate female empowerment in gynocentric relationships dedicated to achieving a shared revelation of God.

Since Arthur Symons’s declaration in 1895 in the Saturday Review that Christina Rossetti was “among the great poets of the nineteenth century,” Rossetti’s image among critics has undergone permutations as divergent as Victorian culture is from postmodern. Now Diane D’Amico redeems Rossetti from the various one-dimensional castings assigned her across the generations—those of a saint writing poetry for God; of a sexually repressed, neurotic woman of minor talent; and, most recently, of a subversive feminist questioning the patriarchy—and renders a fuller, more intricate understanding of the poet than any to date. With flawless logic, balance, and clarity, D’Amico seals her case that Rossetti’s faith, her gender, and the times in which she lived should all be considered to appreciate her poetic voice. According to D’Amico, the image of Rossetti that can best serve as a guide to her more than one thousand poems reflects the centrality of her faith—not as evidence of sexual repression nor necessarily as absolute truth, but as absolute truth for Rossetti. It will then become apparent how Rossetti’s commitment to her Christian faith, her experience as a Victorian woman, and her poetic vocation are inextricably interwoven.

This builds on the reinterpretations of Rossetti that have emerged in the last 20 years, showing her as a persistent critic of her culture, as well as one who explored language, sexuality and feminine identity.