Texts in multiple versions constitute the core problem of textual scholarship. For texts from antiquity and the medieval period, the many versions may be the result of manuscript transmission, requiring editors and readers to discriminate between levels of authority in variant readings produced along the chain of copying. For texts of all periods, and particularly for more modern authors, there may also be multiple authorial versions. These are of particular importance for genetic criticism, as they offer a window on the author's thinking through the developing work. The different contexts in which multiple versions may occur - different languages, different genres, different cultures, ranging in this collection from ancient Greek texts to novels by Cervantes and Aub, dramatic texts from Portugal and Germany, poetry from The Netherlands and Lithuania, scientific texts from the 19th century - provide further layers of complexity. The histories of countries are reflected in the histories of editing. In Europe, this can be seen particularly in the great period of 'nation-building' of the 19th century. Essays in this volume survey editorial activity in The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany in the nineteenth century, concluding that nation building and scholarly editing are twinned. As a nation searches for its own identity, textual scholarship is pressed into service to find and edit the texts on which to establish that identity. The two strands of this volume (multiple versions of texts; editions and national histories) testify to the centrality of textual editing to many fields of research. There is material here for literary scholars, historians, and for readers interested in texts from Ancient Greece to modernist classics.

Reproduction of the original: A Harmony of the Gospels For Students of the Life of Christ by A.T Robertson

This teacher-friendly resource addresses one of the most important critical reading skills in the Common Core State Standards—reading across multiple texts. As the world grows ever more complicated, students more than ever need to become skillful at reading multiple sources, comparing, contrasting, and integrating texts. Responding specifically to Standards 7 and 9, this guide shows teachers how to work with students as they read, think about, critique, and evaluate multiple texts, including narrative and informational, print, graphic, and video, hard copy and online. The authors provide strategies for helping students answer text-dependent questions, find evidence in a text, and scan for information. Model lessons developed and taught by the authors and their professional colleagues will be especially useful to teachers whether they are beginning or expanding their own teaching of multiple texts. “Reading Across Multiple Texts in the Common Core Classroom, K–5 is the book for which elementary school literacy educators have been waiting for ever since the Common Core State Standards were released.” —From the Foreword by Robert J. Marzano, CEO, Marzano Research Laboratory “These authors provide a refreshingly realistic look at what it could mean to read across texts. Planning templates and examples illustrate the potential of CCSS to vastly improve students' text-based experiences. The combination of an extended application of comprehension research and a clear understanding of classrooms make this book a must read for teachers.” —Sharon Walpole, professor, School of Education, University of Delaware

Composite and multiple-text manuscripts are traditionally studied for their individual texts, but recent trends in codicology have paved the way for a more comprehensive approach: Manuscripts are unique artefacts which reveal how they were produced and used as physical objects. While multiple-text manuscripts codicologically are to be considered as production units, i.e. they were originally planned and realized in order to carry more than one text, composites consist of formerly independent codicological units and were put together at a later stage with intentions that might be completely different from those of its original parts. Both sub-types of manuscripts are still sometimes called "miscellanies", a term relating to the texts only. The codicological difference is important for reconstructing why and how these manuscripts which in many cases resemble (or contain) a small library were produced and used. Contributions on the manuscript cultures of China, India, Africa, the Islamic world and European traditions lead not only to the conclusion that "one-volume libraries" have been produced in many manuscript cultures, but allow also for the identification of certain types of uses.

Providing a comprehensive overview of research into reading processes from word identification to the comprehension of multiple texts, acknowledged leaders in the field present the state of the art and current controversies in the field.

The universal practice of selecting and excerpting, summarizing and canonizing, arranging and organizing texts and visual signs, either in carefully dedicated types of manuscripts or not, is common to all manuscript cultures. Determined by intellectual or practical needs, this process is never neutral in itself. The resulting proximity and juxtaposition of previously distant contents, challenge previous knowledge and trigger further developments. With a vast selection of highly representative case studies – from India, Islamic Asia and Spain to Ethiopian cultures, from Ancient Christian to Coptic, and Medieval European domains – this volume deals with manuscripts planned or growing and resulting in time to comprise ‘more than one’. Whatever their contents – the natural world and related recipes, astronomical tables or personal notes, documentary, religious and even highly revered holy texts – codicological and textual features of these manuscripts reveal how similar needs received different answers in varying contexts and times.