The contamination of groundwater and subsurface soil in the United States is a widespread and challenging problem. There are estimated to be in excess of 200,000 sites requiring some form of remediation, and many of these sites potentially threaten groundwater resources. In areas where the groundwater resources are not considered at risk, there are frequently impediments to the reuse of brownfield sites. In addition, for many subsurface geological settings, conventional treatment methods, such as pump-and-treat technology, can be costly and inefficient. Emerging in situ groundwater and subsurface soil treatment technologies may provide effective, lower-cost alternatives, and it is important to fully understand all aspects of any new and innovative technology. This guidance document was developed to outline the technical and regulatory requirements of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a group of technologies involving various combinations of oxidants and delivery techniques. The primary oxidants addressed in this document are hydrogen peroxide, potassium and sodium permanganate, sodium persulfate, and ozone. The effectiveness of some of these oxidants can be enhanced through activation (Fenton's reagent, activated persulfate) and used in conjunction with other oxidants (perozone). Additionally, this document is intended to expedite movement to a consensus on regulatory requirements through the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council concurrence process. It should prove useful to regulators, stakeholders, consultants, and technology implementers. The document is divided into sections consisting of technology overview and applicability, remedial investigations, safety concerns, regulatory concerns, injection design, monitoring, stakeholder concerns, and case studies. From a regulatory perspective, the most important sections of the document are identification of injection restrictions, implementation, and post-closure monitoring.

This volume provides comprehensive up-to-date descriptions of the principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for groundwater remediation based on a decade of intensive research, development, and demonstrations, and lessons learned from commercial field applications.

- Chapter 1: An overview of chemical oxidation including its development and application for in situ treatment of contaminated sites. The oxidation chemistry of Fenton's reagent, permanganate, and ozone are highlighted along with optional methods of oxidant delivery for in situ application. The results of lab-and field-scale applications are summarized.- Chapter 2: A description of the principles and processes of chemical oxidation using potassium or sodium permanganate for organic chemical degradation, including reaction stoichiometry, equilibria, and kinetics, as well as the effects of environmental factors.- Chapter 3: Information provided on the effects of permanganate on the behavior of metals.- Chapter 4: A discussion of the potential for permeability loss and other secondary effects during in situ oxidation using permanganate.- Chapter 5: A description of optional methods of oxidant delivery for in situ remediation.- Chapter 6: A description of a process for evaluation, design, and implementation of permanganate systems.- Chapter 7: A detailed description of five different applications of an in situ chemical oxidation using potassium or sodium permanganate.- Chapter 8: Highlights of the current status and future directions of this remediation technology.

Wiley's Remediation Technologies Handbook: Major Contaminant Chemicals and Chemical Groups, extracted from the Enviroglobe database, consists of 368 chemicals and chemical groups. This book lists in alphabetical order these chemical and chemical groups along with the numerous technologies, many of which are patented, or trademarked techniques, to remediate them. A short description of each of these technologies is provided along with appropriate references. Wiley's Remediation Technologies Handbook: Major Contaminant Chemicals and Chemical Groups: Covers the most important chemical and chemical groups that are found to pollute the environment, and the ways to remediate them. Gives succinct abstract describing the numerous technologies used to clean-up a wide range of pollutants. Provides the uses and limitations of each technique. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.

Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Materials, Processes, and Assessment provides the remediation tools and techniques necessary for simultaneously saving time and money and maximizing environmental, social and economic benefits. The book integrates green materials, cleaner processes, and sustainability assessment methods for planning, designing and implementing a more effective remediation process for both soil and groundwater projects. With this book in hand, engineers will find a valuable guide to greener remediation materials that render smaller environmental footprint, cleaner processes that minimize secondary environmental impact, and sustainability assessment methods that can be used to guide the development of materials and processes. Addresses materials, processes, and assessment needs for implementing a successful sustainable remediation process Provides an integrated approach for the unitization of various green technologies, such as green materials, cleaner processes and sustainability assessment Includes case studies based on full-scale commercial soil and groundwater remediation projects