Traditionally, little attention has been paid to sex and gender differences in infectious diseases. The general belief has been that since infectious diseases affect both males and females, it is best to focus public health attention during an outbreak on control and treatment, and to leave it to others to address the social problems, such as gender inequalities, after an outbreak has ended. While this view is understandable, this document demonstrates that gender analysis is not a diversion for the control and prevention of emerging diseases. On the contrary, it shows that understanding the interaction between gender roles and infectious disease can lead to important insights into transmission patterns and to strategies for outbreak prevention and control, thereby reducing disease transmission and increasing cooperation with public health interventions and the uptake of health promotion and protection measures. This means that considering male-female differences can increase the efficacy of disease control programs, and the likelihood of better outcomes. At the same time, such considerations can reduce health inequalities between men and women and in some instances, reduce discrimination based on sex and thereby promote human rights. This document represents a first step in developing a gender perspective in emerging infectious diseases for the Western Pacific and South-East Asia Regions. This is a new and challenging area, but one which should prove to be valuable and rewarding for emerging infectious disease programs.

This toolkit aims to strengthen the capacity of researchers working on infectious diseases of poverty by incorporating an intersectional gender approach. The objectives of this document are to: 1) strengthen the research capacity of disease-affected countries in intersectional gender approaches; 2) understand and address barriers to effective and quality implementation of health interventions oriented to prevent and control infectious diseases; and 3) explore solutions for enhancing equality in access to quality health care. While this toolkit includes a focus on research that prioritizes the prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty, it is equally relevant to other health research and interventions. Structure of the toolkit: The toolkit contains a collection of training modules that can be customized for different contexts. There are two introductory modules, after which, modules mirror the research process in terms of the design and development of the research, data collection, analysis, and reporting and dissemination. Key resources related to the specific gender analysis activities are included in each module. Each module ends by listing reflection questions/action items.

A psychology of women textbook that fully integrates transgender research, issues, and concerns With clear, comprehensive, and cutting-edge coverage, The Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience + delivers an authoritative analysis of classical and up-to-date research from a feminist, psychological viewpoint. Authors Nicole M. Else-Quest and Janet Shibley Hyde examine the cultural and biological similarities and differences between genders, noting how these characteristics can affect issues of equality. Students will come away with a strong foundation for understanding the dynamic influences of gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity in the context of psychology and society. The Tenth Edition further integrates intersectionality throughout every chapter, updates language for more transgender inclusion, and incorporates new content from guidelines put forth from the American Psychological Association.

The WHE Gender Mainstreaming Strategy (2022-2026) aims to provide guidance on how to systemically analyze and address relevant gender issues across WHE policies and programmes, to enable WHE work to contribute to gender equity and equality, which in turn will strengthen health emergency programming at all levels. It also provides strategic direction to facilitate how WHE can respond to the specific gender-based needs and risks that women, men, girls and boys and people with diverse gender identities experience as a consequence of health emergencies, in ways that improve the design and delivery of WHE policies and programmes, and contribute to reducing gender-inequalities including morbidity and mortality but also the medium and long term socio-economic effects of emergencies. This strategy is intended to guide WHE programming across the local, national, regional and global levels. It was developed by the WHE Gender Working Group, and responds to specific recommendations included in the WHA Resolution 74.7 on Strengthening WHO Preparedness for and response to health emergencies[1], among other key documents.

The WHO Benchmarks for International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Capacities was first published in 2019 and serves as a capacity-building tool and reference document to guide development/updating of country health security plans, including the national action plan for health security (NAPHS). It is now updated to a second edition which incorporates lessons learned from recent health emergencies, as well as alignment with updated IHRMEF tools, the HEPR framework, the WHO Director-General’s ten proposals to build a safer world together, and to build back better through multi-hazard and whole-of-society approaches to support better preparedness for future emergencies. Over 250 relevant technical leads contributed to this edition, by providing inputs from WHO regional offices, countries, partners and participation in global consultation meetings. The second edition is titled “WHO Benchmarks for Strengthening Health Emergency Capacities: Support for the Implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR) and Health Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Resilience (HEPR) Capacities”. WHO benchmarks are further digitalized for easy and quick use, along with a reference library, which is currently being updated. The audience for this document includes WHO Member States, health ministries and other relevant ministries, healthstakeholders, partners, nongovernmental organizations and academia to support building capacities at the country level.

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

This document explains the need for mainstreaming of gender across the core principles and strategic priorities of Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Its purpose is two-fold: 1. To improve awareness and understanding of how gender-related barriers can affect immunization programme performance; and 2. To provide practical “how to” concepts, tools/methods, and actions that can be used to effectively integrate a gender perspective into immunization programmes. The target audience is everyone engaged with supporting, managing or implementing immunization programmes – managers and service providers, as well as the staff of Ministries of Health and other sectors (e.g. Ministry of Education, Ministry of Gender, Ministry of Finance), civil society, international organizations, and donor partners involved in realizing the IA2030 vision of a world where everyone, at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being.