by Joseph Weizenbaum Since the dawn of the age of computers, people have cursed the difficulty of programming. Over and over again we encounter the suggestion that we should be able to communicate to a computer in natural language what we want it to do. Unfortunately, such advice rests upon a misconception of both the computer and its task. The computer might not be stupid, but it is stubborn. That is, the computer does what all the details of its pro gram command it to do, i. e. , what the programmer "tells" it to do. And this can be quite different from what the programmer intended. The misun derstanding with respect to tasks posed to the computer arises from the failure to recognize that such tasks can scarcely be expressed in natural language, if indeed at all. For example, can we practice music, chemistry or mathematics without their respective special symbolic languages? Yet books about computers and programming languages can be written more or less reasonably, even if they are not quite poetic or lyrical. This book can serve as an example of this art and as a model for anyone at tempting to teach inherently difficult subject matters to others. Klagenfurt, April 1995 Preface Striving to make learning to program easier, this book addresses primarily students beginning a computer science major. For our program examples, we employ a new, elegant programming language, Modula-3.

Software -- Programming Languages.

Looking for a solid introduction to the TTCN-3 language and its use? An Introduction to TTCN-3 is just what you need. All the important concepts and constructs of the language are explained in a tutorial style with the emphasis on extensive examples. Throughout the author also addresses the larger picture of how the testing language is related to the overall test system implementation. A complete tutorial reference on TTCN-3 with real-world examples and expert advice based on author’s practical industrial experience using the standard. Offering a unique insider perspective: Nokia has been instrumental in the development of both the language and tools associated with TTCN-3 and the author is in a unique position to document this experience to help and guide new users. And an associated web site that contains code samples from the book and links to the relevant standards documents. This book provides the perfect companion to the available TTCN-3 language standards filling the gaps in areas such as style guide, structuring, and pointing out the dangers or pitfalls based on the author’s personal TTCN-3 experience from language standardization, tool implementation and applying TTCN-3 for a number of years in the real world. The style and level of the book make it suitable for both engineers learning and applying the language in the real world and students learning TTCN-3 as part of their studies.

This latest version of Sedgewick's well-known book provides a comprehensive collection of algorithms implemented in the Modula-3 programming language. Readers will see how key algorithms can be implemented, run, debugged, and used in real applications.

This text is an introduction to programming in general, and a manual for programming with the language Modula-2 in particular. It is oriented primarily towards people who have already acquired some basic knowledge of programming and would like to deepen their understanding in a more structured way. Nevertheless, an introductory chapter is included for the benefit of the beginner, displaying in a concise form some of the fundamental concepts of computers and their programming. The text is therefore also suitable as a self-contained tutorial. The notation used is Modula-2, which lends itself well for a structured approach and leads the student to a working style that has generally become known under the title of structured programming. As a manual for programming in Modula-2, the text covers practically all facilities of that language. Part 1 covers the basic notions of the variable, expression, assignment, conditional and repetitive statement, and array data structure. Together with Part 2 which introduces the important concept of the procedure or subroutine, it contains essentially the material commonly discussed in introductory programming courses. Part 3 concerns data types and structures and constitutes the essence of an advanced course on programming. Part 4 introduces the notion of the module, a concept that is fundamental to the design of larger programmed systems and to programming as team work. The most commonly used utility programs for input and output are presented as examples of modules. And fmally, Part 5 covers facilities for system programming, device handling, and multiprogramming.

The object oriented paradigm has become one of the dominant forces in the computing world. According to a recent survey, by the year 2000, more than 80% of development organizations are expected to use object technology as the basis for their distributed development strategies. Handbook of Object Technology encompasses the entire spectrum of disciplines and topics related to this rapidly expanding field - outlining emerging technologies, latest advances, current trends, new specifications, and ongoing research. The handbook divides into 13 sections, each containing chapters related to that specific discipline. Up-to-date, non-abstract information provides the reader with practical, useful knowledge - directly applicable to the understanding and improvement of the reader's job or the area of interest related to this technology. Handbook of Object Technology discusses: the processes, notation, and tools for classical OO methodologies as well as information on future methodologies prevalent and emerging OO languages standards and specifications frameworks and patterns databases metrics business objects intranets analysis/design tools client/server application development environments

By developing object calculi in which objects are treated as primitives, the authors are able to explain both the semantics of objects and their typing rules, and also demonstrate how to develop all of the most important concepts of object-oriented programming languages: self, dynamic dispatch, classes, inheritance, protected and private methods, prototyping, subtyping, covariance and contravariance, and method specialization. An innovative and important approach to the subject for researchers and graduates.