This book provides deep insights on the fundamentals, applications and perspectives of the Supercritical AntiSolvent (SAS) Precipitation Process. Chapter 1 provides recent (2013-2018) reports on the use of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) antisolvent for micronization, coprecipitation and fractionation of high-value products for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Chapter 2 discusses another variant of the SAS precipitation process called Supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE). This chapter provides recent data from 2016-2018 reports investigation of supercritical extraction of emulsions (SFEE) to encapsulate compounds of great interest to the food and non-food industry. Chapter 3 details the design and construction of a SAS Precipitation equipment. Chapter 4 presents experimental results regarding the validation of the supercritical particle formation equipment. Chapter 5 shows the effects of process parameters during particle precipitation using Combined High Turbulence Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Supercritical Antisolvent Fractionation (SAF) processes applied to semi-defatted annatto seeds, as a model raw material plant, were investigated. Chapter 6 shows experimental results regarding the process Ultrasound Emulsification Assisted by Nitrogen Hydrostatic Pressure (UEANHP), during the emulsification preparation step of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE) process, one of the options of the SAS Precipitation-based process. Finally, Chaptesr 7 and 8 present some perspectives about the economics and process integration with other processes aiming the development of novel conceptual biorefinering approaches for plant materials valorization.

Supercritical fluids are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density and they are therefore interesting and important as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the density the properties of these fluids can be customised and manipulated for a given process - physical or chemical transformation. Separation and processing using supercritical solvents such as CO2 are currently on-line commercially in the food, essential oils and polymer industries. Many agencies and industries are considering the use of supercritical water for waste remediation. Supercritical fluid chromatography represents another, major analytical application. Significant advances have recently been made in materials processing, ranging from particle formation to the creation of porous materials. The chapters in this book provide tutorial accounts of topical areas centred around: (1) phase equilibria, thermodynamics and equations of state; (2) critical behaviour, crossover effects; (3) transport and interfacial properties; (4) molecular modelling, computer simulation; (5) reactions, spectroscopy; (6) phase separation kinetics; (7) extractions; (8) applications to polymers, pharmaceuticals, natural materials and chromatography; (9) process scale-up.

Particle design using supercritical CO2 has been of great interest in the pharmaceutical, microelectronic, catalytic, and related industries over the past 10 years. There have been numerous papers and patents published on the processes studied in this work. The solubility of most drug compounds in carbon dioxide is very low, making it a very attractive antisolvent for particle formation at suitable ranges of temperatures and pressures. This thesis explores the use of different CO2 antisolvent precipitation system designs for the formulation of small crystalline drug particles of a given size, morphology, and uniformity, using the precipitation of acetaminophen from ethanol as an example. In order to understand the precipitation process, the equilibrium concentration of acetaminophen in CO2 and CO2 plus ethanol were measured at a range of temperatures and pressures in a high-pressure extraction system. This information is important in understanding the supersaturation of the drug at various precipitation conditions. Several antisolvent processes were tested in order to determine their effectiveness in controlling the precipitation of acetaminophen from ethanol. The first system involved the use of Solvent Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS) patented by Hanna and York (WO9501221, 1994). This process uses a coaxial nozzle design where the solvent with the solute of interest is injected in the inner tube and the supercritical CO2 is injected in the outer tube. The two streams mix at nearly constant pressure and temperature in a small volume region of the nozzle before expanding through the nozzle tip into a chamber maintained at a fixed temperature and pressure. The fast mixing process rapidly expands the solvent with CO2 in order to induce phase split of the solid drug particles. The chamber pressure is maintained constant and nearly equal to the pressure in the nozzle. This process was studied because it was claimed that SEDS gave the best control of sy.

Carotenoid formulation is of great interest for the pharmaceutical and food industry. A proper formulation and particle size is essential to obtain high colorant activity. Thus, a suitable technology to produce particles from these natural substances must be used to avoid the degradation and loss of commercial value of the colorants. Supercritical fluid precipitation processes are an excellent alternative to formulate carotenoids, especially supercritical antisolvent processes, which are the main topic of this thesis. Also, a novel method, the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE) is presented and the fundamentals of this process are evaluated with the aid of a mathematical model.

The second edition of this long-time bestseller provides a framework for designing and understanding sprays for a wide array of engineering applications. The text contains correlations and design tools that can be easily understood and used in relating the design of atomizers to the resulting spray behavior. Written to be accessible to readers with a modest technical background, the emphasis is on application rather than in-depth theory. Numerous examples are provided to serve as starting points for using the information in the book. Overall, this is a thoroughly updated edition that still retains the practical focus and readability of the original work by Arthur Lefebvre.