Supercapacitors are most interesting in the area of rechargeable battery based energy storage because they offer an unbeatable power density, quick charge/discharge rates and prolonged lifetimes in comparison to batteries. The book covers inorganic, organic and gel-polymer electrolytes, electrodes and separators used in different types of supercapacitors; with emphasis on material synthesis, characterization, fundamental electrochemical properties and most promising applications. Keywords: Supercapacitors, Rechargeable Batteries, Organic Electrolytes, Inorganic Electrolytes, Gel Polymer based Supercapacitors, Redox Electrolytes, Starch-Based Electrolytes, Flexible Supercapacitors, Pseudocapacitors, Carbon Nanoarchitectures for Supercapacitors, Photo-Supercapacitors, Bimetal Oxides/Sulfides for Electrochemical Supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors are most interesting in the area of rechargeable battery based energy storage because they offer an unbeatable power density, quick charge/discharge rates and prolonged lifetimes in comparison to batteries. The book covers inorganic, organic and gel-polymer electrolytes, electrodes and separators used in different types of supercapacitors; with emphasis on material synthesis, characterization, fundamental electrochemical properties and most promising applications. Keywords: Supercapacitors, Rechargeable Batteries, Organic Electrolytes, Inorganic Electrolytes, Gel Polymer based Supercapacitors, Redox Electrolytes, Starch-Based Electrolytes, Flexible Supercapacitors, Pseudocapacitors, Carbon Nanoarchitectures for Supercapacitors, Photo-Supercapacitors, Bimetal Oxides/Sulfides for Electrochemical Supercapacitors.

Energy storage is a key topic for research, industry, and business, which is gaining increasing interest. Any available energy-storage technology (batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and so on) can cover a limited part of the power-energy plane and is characterized by some inherent drawback. Supercapacitors (also known as ultracapacitors, electrochemical capacitors, pseudocapacitors, or double-layer capacitors) feature exceptional capacitance values, creating new scenarios and opportunities in both research and industrial applications, partly because the related market is relatively recent. In practice, supercapacitors can offer a trade-off between the high specific energy of batteries and the high specific power of traditional capacitors. Developments in supercapacitor technology and supporting electronics, combined with reductions in costs, may revolutionize everything from large power systems to consumer electronics. The potential benefits of supercapacitors move from the progresses in the technological processes but can be effective by the availability of the proper tools for testing, modeling, diagnosis, sizing, management and technical-economic analyses. This book collects some of the latest developments in the field of supercapacitors, ranging from new materials to practical applications, such as energy storage, uninterruptible power supplies, smart grids, electrical vehicles, advanced transportation and renewable sources.

Advances in Supercapacitor and Supercapattery: Innovations in Energy Storage Devices provides a deep insight into energy storage systems and their applications. The first two chapters cover the detailed background, fundamental charge storage mechanism and the various types of supercapacitor. The third chapter give details about the hybrid device (Supercapattery) which comprises of battery and capacitive electrode. The main advantages of Supercapattery over batteries and supercapacitor are discussed in this chapter. The preceding three chapters cover the electrode materials used for supercapattery. The electrolyte is a major part that significantly contributes to the performance of the device. Therefore, different kinds of electrolytes and their suitability are discussed in chapter 6 and 7. The book concludes with a look at the potential applications of supercapattery, challenges and future prospective. This book is beneficial for research scientists, engineers and students who are interested in the latest developments and fundamentals of energy storage mechanism and clarifies the misleading concepts in this field. Presents the three classes of energy storage devices and clarifies the difference between between pseudocapacitor and battery grade material Covers the synthesis strategies to enhance the overall performance of the supercapacitor device (including power density) Explains the energy storage mechanism based on the fundamental concept of physics and electrochemistry

The first model for the distribution of ions near the surface of a metal electrode was devised by Helmholtz in 1874. He envisaged two parallel sheets of charges of opposite sign located one on the metal surface and the other on the solution side, a few nanometers away, exactly as in the case of a parallel plate capacitor. The rigidity of such a model was allowed for by Gouy and Chapman inde pendently, by considering that ions in solution are subject to thermal motion so that their distribution from the metal surface turns out diffuse. Stern recognized that ions in solution do not behave as point charges as in the Gouy-Chapman treatment, and let the center of the ion charges reside at some distance from the metal surface while the distribution was still governed by the Gouy-Chapman view. Finally, in 1947, D. C. Grahame transferred the knowledge of the struc ture of electrolyte solutions into the model of a metal/solution interface, by en visaging different planes of closest approach to the electrode surface depending on whether an ion is solvated or interacts directly with the solid wall. Thus, the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model of the so-called electrical double layer was born, a model that is still qualitatively accepted, although theoreti cians have introduced a number of new parameters of which people were not aware 50 years ago.

Electrochemical Capacitors (ECs) are a class of energy storage device that fill the gap between high energy density batteries and high-power-density electrostatic capacitors. ECs show shorter charge/discharge time and higher power density compared to batteries. However, to use ECs as alternatives to batteries, a significant increase in energy density is required. Although critical to the U.S.'s energy future, development of ECs has been hindered by the lack of cost-effective electrode materials that can store more energy. As a cheaper alternative transition metal, manganese (Mn) is abundant and environmentally-friendly. Manganese oxide shows theoretical capacitance of ~ 800 F g-1, which is comparable to that of RuO2. However, owing to low electronic and ionic conductance, manganese oxide powder exhibits much lower specific capacitances. This book discusses studies of charge-storage mechanism of manganese oxide nanomaterials for ECs. It also discusses sustainable electrode materials made from electrospun alkali lignin-based carbon nanofibers for high performacen supercapacitors; new strategies for the improvement of SC energy density by covalent and non-covalent addition of qunones of carbon surfaces; maganese dioxide based SCs; supercapacitors test methods; and hydrogenated barium titanate films and their potential for integrated SCs.

Materials for Supercapacitor Applications provides a snapshot of the present status of this rapidly growing field. It covers motivations, innovations, ongoing breakthroughs in research and development, innovative materials, impacts, and perspectives, as well as the challenges and technical barriers to identifying an ideal material for practical applications. This comprehensive reference by electro-chemists explains concepts in materials selection and their unique applications based on their electro-chemical properties. Chemists, chemical and electrical engineers, material scientists, and research scholars and students interested in energy will benefit from this overview of many important reference points in understanding the materials used in supercapacitors. - Provides an overview of the formulation for new materials and how to characterize them for supercapacitor applications - Describes all the information on the available materials for supercapacitor applications - Outlines potential material characterization methods - Discusses perspectives and future directions of the field